{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T07:01:18Z","timestamp":1788850878195,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592179200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with mood\/anxiety disorders may use cannabis for \u201cself-medication,\u201d i.e., to induce positive mood or attenuate aversive mood states. However, little neurobiological evidence supports such use. The goal of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that cannabis use attenuates striatal response to reward in those with mood\/anxiety disorders. Reward-related processing was measured using a monetary incentive delay task under functional MRI. Individuals with any lifetime mood\/anxiety disorder diagnoses and problematic cannabis use (\u201cMood\/Anxiety+CB\u201d;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200941) were compared with a propensity score-matched group of similar subjects without cannabis use (\u201cMood\/Anxiety\u2212CB\u201d;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200941), and a cannabis-na\u00efve healthy control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200935). Activations during win- and loss-anticipations were extracted from bilateral nucleus accumbens, dorsal caudate, and dorsolateral putamen. Mixed models were estimated for each region separately for win- and loss-anticipations, with a test for the main effect of group, condition (e.g., high-win, low-win, neutral), and their interaction. A significant main effect of group for win- and loss-anticipation was observed for each striatal region. Specifically, the Mood\/Anxiety+CB group exhibited the lowest striatal activations across condition levels relative to both the Mood\/Anxiety-CB and healthy group. A significant group-by-condition interaction was only observed for the dorsolateral putamen and indicated divergent activation modulation as a function of win and loss-magnitude for Mood\/Anxiety+CB subjects. Finally, individuals with heavier recent cannabis use showed greater attenuation of gain-related activation in all three striatal regions. There was no such relationship for other illicit drugs. These data support the hypothesis that cannabis use in individuals with mood\/anxiety disorders is associated with attenuated brain processing of reward magnitude, which may contribute to persistent affective symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0807-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T21:02:44Z","timestamp":1592254964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Attenuated reward activations associated with cannabis use in anxious\/depressed individuals"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3833-7672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip A.","family":"Spechler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayus","family":"Kuplicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Tulsa 1000 Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Aupperle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Bodurka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Feinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahib S.","family":"Khalsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayus","family":"Kuplicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin P.","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Savitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa A.","family":"Victor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin P.","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"807_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.009","volume":"186","author":"AL Sarvet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarvet, A. L. et al. Self-medication of mood and anxiety disorders with marijuana: higher in states with medical marijuana laws. Drug Alcohol Depend. 186, 10\u201315 (2018).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"807_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.001","volume":"191","author":"AM Wycoff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wycoff, A. M., Metrik, J. & Trull, T. J. Affect and cannabis use in daily life: a review and recommendations for future research. Drug Alcohol Depend. 191, 223\u2013233 (2018).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"807_CR3","unstructured":"Grant B. F., Moore T., Kaplan K. Source and accuracy statement: Wave 1 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 2003; 52."},{"key":"807_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.09.014","volume":"230","author":"I Aspis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aspis, I. et al. Cannabis use and mental health-related quality of life among individuals with depressive disorders. Psychiatry Res. 230, 341\u2013349 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"807_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2012.07.002","volume":"26","author":"S Lev-Ran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lev-Ran, S., Le Foll, B., McKenzie, K. & Rehm, J. Cannabis use and mental health-related quality of life among individuals with anxiety disorders. J. Anxiety Disord. 26, 799\u2013810 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"807_CR6","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP19-5068, NSDUH Series H-54). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.; 2019."},{"key":"807_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.12.002","volume":"138","author":"V Micale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Micale, V. et al. Endocannabinoid system and mood disorders: priming a target for new therapies. Pharmacol. Therapeutics 138, 18\u201337 (2013).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Therapeutics"},{"key":"807_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22664","volume":"34","author":"J Turna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Turna, J., Patterson, B. & Van Ameringen, M. Is cannabis treatment for anxiety, mood, and related disorders ready for prime time? Depress Anxiety 34, 1006\u20131017 (2017).","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"807_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.02.016","volume":"213","author":"AL Bahorik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bahorik, A. L. et al. Patterns of marijuana use among psychiatry patients with depression and its impact on recovery. J. Affect Disord. 213, 168\u2013171 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"807_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20248","volume":"24","author":"JB Bricker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bricker, J. B. et al. Does occasional cannabis use impact anxiety and depression treatment outcomes?: Results from a randomized effectiveness trial. Depress Anxiety 24, 392\u2013398 (2007).","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"807_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.06.005","volume":"233","author":"JD Kosiba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kosiba, J. D., Maisto, S. A. & Ditre, J. W. Patient-reported use of medical cannabis for pain, anxiety, and depression symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc. Sci. Med 233, 181\u2013192 (2019).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med"},{"key":"807_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O\u2019Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Patrick, M. E. Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use 1975\u20132019: overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. (Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2020).","DOI":"10.3998\/2027.42\/162579"},{"key":"807_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3915-0","volume":"232","author":"MG Bossong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bossong, M. G. et al. Further human evidence for striatal dopamine release induced by administration of\u2206 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): selectivity to limbic striatum. Psychopharmacology 232, 2723\u20132729 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"807_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.12.005","volume":"38","author":"M-A El Khoury","year":"2012","unstructured":"El Khoury, M.-A. et al. Interactions between the cannabinoid and dopaminergic systems: evidence from animal studies. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 38, 36\u201350 (2012).","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"807_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0593","volume":"12","author":"B Knutson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Knutson, B., Westdorp, A., Kaiser, E. & Hommer, D. FMRI visualization of brain activity during a monetary incentive delay task. Neuroimage 12, 20\u201327 (2000).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"807_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24184","volume":"39","author":"S Oldham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oldham, S. et al. The anticipation and outcome phases of reward and loss processing: A neuroimaging meta\u2010analysis of the monetary incentive delay task. Hum. Brain Mapp. 39, 3398\u20133418 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"807_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RC159","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-j0002.2001","volume":"21","author":"B Knutson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Knutson, B., Adams, C. M., Fong, G. W. & Hommer, D. Anticipation of increasing monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. 21, RC159\u2013RC159 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"807_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3084","volume":"74","author":"M Luijten","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luijten, M. et al. Disruption of reward processing in addiction: an image-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. JAMA Psychiatry 74, 387\u2013398 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"807_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.12.022","volume":"77","author":"B Knutson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Knutson, B. & Heinz, A. Probing psychiatric symptoms with the monetary incentive delay task. Biol. psychiatry 77, 418\u2013420 (2015).","journal-title":"Biol. psychiatry"},{"key":"807_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05898.x","volume":"1216","author":"DW Hommer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hommer, D. W., Bjork, J. M. & Gilman, J. M. Imaging brain response to reward in addictive disorders. Ann. N.Y Acad. Sci. 1216, 50\u201361 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"807_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.1161","volume":"73","author":"ME Martz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martz, M. E. et al. Association of marijuana use with blunted nucleus accumbens response to reward anticipation. JAMA Psychiatry 73, 838\u2013844 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"807_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2009.11.010","volume":"20","author":"HH van Hell","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Hell, H. H. et al. Chronic effects of cannabis use on the human reward system: an fMRI study. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 20, 153\u2013163 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"807_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185606","volume":"10","author":"DA Pizzagalli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pizzagalli, D. A. Depression, stress, and anhedonia: toward a synthesis and integrated model. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 10, 393\u2013423 (2014).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"807_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061470","volume":"8","author":"FM Filbey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Filbey, F. M., Dunlop, J. & Myers, U. S. Neural effects of positive and negative incentives during marijuana withdrawal. PLoS ONE 8, e61470 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"807_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.07.022","volume":"49","author":"L Nestor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nestor, L., Hester, R. & Garavan, H. Increased ventral striatal BOLD activity during non-drug reward anticipation in cannabis users. Neuroimage 49, 1133\u20131143 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"807_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-014-0307-6","volume":"15","author":"BE Benson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Benson, B. E. et al. Role of contingency in striatal response to incentive in adolescents with anxiety. Cogn. Affect Behav. Neurosci. 15, 155\u2013168 (2015).","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"807_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11010006","volume":"169","author":"AE Guyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guyer, A. E. et al. Striatal functional alteration during incentive anticipation in pediatric anxiety disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 169, 205\u2013212 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"807_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19981015)17:19<2265::AID-SIM918>3.0.CO;2-B","volume":"17","author":"RB D\u2019Agostino Jr","year":"1998","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino, R. B. Jr Propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non\u2010randomized control group. Stat. Med. 17, 2265\u20132281 (1998).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"807_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0466-5","volume":"2","author":"IE Marinescu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marinescu, I. E., Lawlor, P. N. & Kording, K. P. Quasi-experimental causality in neuroscience and behavioural research. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2, 891\u2013898 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"807_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.02.010","volume":"37","author":"BJ Everitt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Everitt, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. From the ventral to the dorsal striatum: devolving views of their roles in drug addiction. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 1946\u20131954 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"807_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.08.020","volume":"77","author":"IM Balodis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Balodis, I. M. & Potenza, M. N. Anticipatory reward processing in addicted populations: a focus on the monetary incentive delay task. Biol. Psychiatry 77, 434\u2013444 (2015).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"807_CR32","unstructured":"Greenberg T. et al. Reward related ventral striatal activity and differential response to sertraline versus placebo in depressed individuals. Mol. Psychiatry. 1\u201311 (2019)."},{"key":"807_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.10.1.107","volume":"10","author":"EE Forbes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Forbes, E. E. et al. Reward-related brain function as a predictor of treatment response in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Cogn., Affect., Behav. Neurosci. 10, 107\u2013118 (2010).","journal-title":"Cogn., Affect., Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"807_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.82","volume":"39","author":"H Kober","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kober, H. et al. Cannabis abstinence during treatment and one-year follow-up: relationship to neural activity in men. Neuropsychopharmacology 39, 2288\u20132298 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"807_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016620","volume":"8","author":"TA Victor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Victor, T. A. et al. Tulsa 1000: a naturalistic study protocol for multilevel assessment and outcome prediction in a large psychiatric sample. BMJ Open 8, e016620 (2018).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"Suppl 20","key":"807_CR36","first-page":"22","volume":"59","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan, D. V. et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J. Clin. Psychiatry 59(Suppl 20), 22\u201357 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"807_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014","volume":"29","author":"RW Cox","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cox, R. W. AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Computers Biomed. Res. 29, 162\u2013173 (1996).","journal-title":"Computers Biomed. Res."},{"key":"807_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw157","volume":"26","author":"L Fan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan, L. et al. The human brainnetome atlas: a new brain atlas based on connectional architecture. Cereb. cortex 26, 3508\u20133526 (2016).","journal-title":"Cereb. cortex"},{"key":"807_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1998.59.427","volume":"59","author":"SA Brown","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brown, S. A. et al. Psychometric evaluation of the Customary Drinking and Drug Use Record (CDDR): a measure of adolescent alcohol and drug involvement. J. Stud. alcohol 59, 427\u2013438 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Stud. alcohol"},{"key":"807_CR40","first-page":"304","volume":"11","author":"RC Gershon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gershon, R. C. et al. The use of PROMIS and assessment center to deliver patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research. J. Appl. Meas. 11, 304 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meas."},{"key":"807_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063","volume":"76","author":"O Bartra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bartra, O., McGuire, J. T. & Kable, J. W. The valuation system: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value. Neuroimage 76, 412\u2013427 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"807_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.08.021.2009","volume":"3","author":"RM Carter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carter, R. M., MacInnes, J. J., Huettel, S. A. & Adcock, R. A. Activation in the VTA and nucleus accumbens increases in anticipation of both gains and losses. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 3, 21 (2009).","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"807_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.039","volume":"151","author":"WN Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, W. N. et al. The neural correlates of reward-related processing in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. J. Affect Disord. 151, 531\u2013539 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"807_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2014.12.011","volume":"4","author":"R Admon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Admon, R. & Pizzagalli, D. A. Dysfunctional reward processing in depression. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 4, 114\u2013118 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"807_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.03.027","volume":"133","author":"BW Penninx","year":"2011","unstructured":"Penninx, B. W. et al. Two-year course of depressive and anxiety disorders: results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). J. Affect. Disord. 133, 76\u201385 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"807_CR46","first-page":"132","volume":"84","author":"K Blum","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blum, K., Cull, J. G., Braverman, E. R. & Comings, D. E. Reward deficiency syndrome. Am. Scientist 84, 132\u2013145 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. Scientist"},{"key":"807_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.21","volume":"22","author":"E van de Giessen","year":"2017","unstructured":"van de Giessen, E. et al. Deficits in striatal dopamine release in cannabis dependence. Mol. Psychiatry 22, 68\u201375 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"807_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.06.021","volume":"66","author":"GS Dichter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dichter, G. S. et al. The effects of psychotherapy on neural responses to rewards in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 66, 886\u2013897 (2009).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"807_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111416686","volume":"26","author":"M Stoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stoy, M. et al. Hyporeactivity of ventral striatum towards incentive stimuli in unmedicated depressed patients normalizes after treatment with escitalopram. J. Psychopharmacol. 26, 677\u2013688 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-0807-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-0807-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-0807-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T11:37:08Z","timestamp":1696246628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-0807-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-020-0807-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.P.P. is an advisor to Spring Care, Inc., a behavioral health startup, he has received royalties for an article about methamphetamine in Uptodate, however, this paper is unrelated to those activities. All remaining authors, P.A.S., J.L.S., R.K., and the Tulsa 1000 investigators (Drs. Aupperle, Bodurka, Feinstein, Khalsa, Savitz, and Victor), have no financial or other conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"189"}}