{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1792805829481,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    White matter (WM) abnormalities in patients with cocaine use disorder (CUD) have been studied; however, the reported effects on the human brain are heterogenous and most results have been obtained from male participants. In addition, biological data supporting the imaging findings and revealing possible mechanisms underlying the neurotoxic effects of chronic cocaine use (CU) on WM are largely restricted to animal studies. To evaluate the neurotoxic effects of CU in the WM, we performed an in vivo diffusion tensor imaging assessment of male and female cocaine users (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200975) and healthy controls (HC) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200958). Moreover, we performed an ex vivo large-scale proteomic analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in postmortem brains of patients with CUD (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098) and HC (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200912). Compared with the HC, the CUD group showed significant reductions in global fractional anisotropy (FA) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and an increase in global mean (MD) and radial diffusion (RD) (both\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The results revealed that FA, RD, and MD alterations in the CUD group were widespread along the major WM tracts, after analysis using the tract-based special statistics approach. Global FA was negatively associated with years of CU (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0421) and female sex (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but not with years of alcohol or nicotine use. Concerning the fibers connecting the left to the right prefrontal cortex, Brodmann area 9 (BA9), the CUD group presented lower FA (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.006) and higher RD (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) values compared with the HC group. A negative association between the duration of CU in life and FA values in this tract was also observed (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.019). Proteomics analyses in BA9 found 11 proteins differentially expressed between cocaine users and controls. Among these, were proteins related to myelination and neuroinflammation. In summary, we demonstrate convergent evidence from in vivo diffusion tensor imaging and ex vivo proteomics analysis of WM disruption in CUD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01367-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T23:52:22Z","timestamp":1619653942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["White matter deficits in cocaine use disorder: convergent evidence from in vivo diffusion tensor imaging and ex vivo proteomic analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0086-4875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucca Pizzato","family":"Tondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago Wendt","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel R.","family":"Fries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Kluwe-Schiavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5988-2368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Mello","family":"Rothmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3452-0632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Cupertino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9571-0384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1552-1090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Rosa","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Stertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3477-0914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5549-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruifeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy M.","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Consuelo","family":"Walss-Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9911-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Grassi-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1367_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2132","volume":"73","author":"BF Grant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grant, B. F. et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions-III. JAMA Psychiatry 73, 39\u201347 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1367_CR2","unstructured":"United Nations P. World Drug Report 2019 Booklet 4 (2019)."},{"key":"1367_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.026","volume":"113","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Degenhardt, L. et al. Mortality among cocaine users: a systematic review of cohort studies. Drug Alcohol Depend. 113, 88\u201395 (2011).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"1367_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.03.008","volume":"41","author":"AC Dias","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dias, A. C. et al. Mortality rate among crack\/cocaine-dependent patients: a 12-year prospective cohort study conducted in Brazil. J. Subst. Abus. Treat. 41, 273\u2013278 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"1367_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462006000300010","volume":"28","author":"M Ribeiro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ribeiro, M., Dunn, J., Sesso, R., Dias, A. C. & Laranjeira, R. Causes of death among crack cocaine users. Braz. J. Psychiatry 28, 196\u2013202 (2006).","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1367_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1642","volume":"159","author":"RZ Goldstein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goldstein, R. Z. & Volkow, N. D. Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. Am. J. Psychiatry 159, 1642\u20131652 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1367_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.005","volume":"197","author":"WH Hampton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hampton, W. H., Hanik, I. M. & Olson, I. R. Substance abuse and white matter: findings, limitations, and future of diffusion tensor imaging research. Drug Alcohol Depend. 197, 288\u2013298 (2019).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"1367_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v8.i9.785","volume":"8","author":"V Baliyan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baliyan, V., Das, C. J., Sharma, R. & Gupta, A. K. Diffusion weighted imaging: technique and applications. World J. Radiol. 8, 785\u2013798 (2016).","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"1367_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.11.068","volume":"147","author":"EH Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang, E. H. et al. The role of myelination in measures of white matter integrity: combination of diffusion tensor imaging and two-photon microscopy of CLARITY intact brains. Neuroimage 147, 253\u2013261 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1367_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.081","volume":"73","author":"DK Jones","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones, D. K., Knosche, T. R. & Turner, R. White matter integrity, fiber count, and other fallacies: the do\u2019s and don\u2019ts of diffusion MRI. Neuroimage 73, 239\u2013254 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1367_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2010.9023","volume":"10","author":"TA Huisman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huisman, T. A. Diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging of the brain, made easy. Cancer Imaging 10, S163\u2013S171 (2010).","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"1367_CR12","first-page":"159","volume":"114","author":"RP Bell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bell, R. P., Foxe, J. J., Nierenberg, J., Hoptman, M. J. & Garavan, H. Assessing white matter integrity as a function of abstinence duration in former cocaine-dependent individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend. 114, 159\u2013168 (2011).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"1367_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112388","volume":"379","author":"Q He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He, Q., Li, D., Turel, O., Bechara, A. & Hser, Y. I. White matter integrity alternations associated with cocaine dependence and long-term abstinence: preliminary findings. Behav. Brain Res 379, 112388 (2020).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res"},{"key":"1367_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.016","volume":"173","author":"L Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma, L. et al. A preliminary longitudinal study of white matter alteration in cocaine use disorder subjects. Drug Alcohol Depend. 173, 39\u201346 (2017).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"1367_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.023","volume":"168","author":"D van Son","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Son, D., Wiers, R. W., Catena, A., Perez-Garcia, M. & Verdejo-Garcia, A. White matter disruptions in male cocaine polysubstance users: Associations with severity of drug use and duration of abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 168, 247\u2013254 (2016).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"1367_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.023","volume":"201","author":"CL Beard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beard, C. L. et al. Regional differences in white matter integrity in stimulant use disorders: a meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies. Drug Alcohol Depend. 201, 29\u201337 (2019).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"1367_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suchting R. et al. A meta-analysis of tract-based spatial statistics studies examining white matter integrity in cocaine use disorder. Addict. Biol. 26, e12902 (2020).","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12902"},{"key":"1367_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0199729","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199729","volume":"14","author":"J Tannous","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tannous, J. et al. Measures of possible allostatic load in comorbid cocaine and alcohol use disorder: brain white matter integrity, telomere length, and anti-saccade performance. PLoS ONE 14, e0199729 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1367_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.25","volume":"35","author":"J Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. White matter integrity is associated with treatment outcome measures in cocaine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 1541\u20131549 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1367_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11591","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011591","volume":"5","author":"SD Lane","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lane, S. D. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging and decision making in cocaine dependence. PLoS ONE 5, e11591 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1367_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1501-5","volume":"8","author":"VM Tang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tang, V. M. et al. White matter deficits assessed by diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive dysfunction in psychostimulant users with comorbid human immunodeficiency virus infection. BMC Res. Notes 8, 515 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"1367_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh260","volume":"41","author":"M Gossop","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gossop, M., Manning, V. & Ridge, G. Concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine: differences in patterns of use and problems among users of crack cocaine and cocaine powder. Alcohol Alcohol 41, 121\u2013125 (2006).","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"1367_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.11.001","volume":"34","author":"SL Hedden","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hedden, S. L., Malcolm, R. J. & Latimer, W. W. Differences between adult non-drug users versus alcohol, cocaine and concurrent alcohol and cocaine problem users. Addict. Behav. 34, 323\u2013326 (2009).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"1367_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000599","volume":"14","author":"TW Viola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Viola, T. W. et al. Association between recent cannabis consumption and withdrawal-related symptoms during early abstinence among females with smoked cocaine use disorder. J. Addict. Med. 14, e37\u2013e43 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"1367_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.003","volume":"144","author":"TW Viola","year":"2014","unstructured":"Viola, T. W. et al. Long-term cannabis abuse and early-onset cannabis use increase the severity of cocaine withdrawal during detoxification and rehospitalization rates due to cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 144, 153\u2013159 (2014).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"1367_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.10","volume":"68","author":"N Alia-Klein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alia-Klein, N. et al. Gene x disease interaction on orbitofrontal gray matter in cocaine addiction. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68, 283\u2013294 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1367_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2008.04.004","volume":"171","author":"PA Narayana","year":"2009","unstructured":"Narayana, P. A. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of cocaine-treated rodents. Psychiatry Res. 171, 242\u2013251 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"1367_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2014.01.005","volume":"221","author":"PA Narayana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Narayana, P. A. et al. Chronic cocaine administration causes extensive white matter damage in brain: diffusion tensor imaging and immunohistochemistry studies. Psychiatry Res. 221, 220\u2013230 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"1367_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210412331308921","volume":"10","author":"M Bannon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bannon, M., Kapatos, G. & Albertson, D. Gene expression profiling in the brains of human cocaine abusers. Addict. Biol. 10, 119\u2013126 (2005).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"1367_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9655-3","volume":"34","author":"LV Kristiansen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kristiansen, L. V., Bannon, M. J. & Meador-Woodruff, J. H. Expression of transcripts for myelin related genes in postmortem brain from cocaine abusers. Neurochem. Res. 34, 46\u201354 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"1367_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.05.004","volume":"19","author":"J Kuchling","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuchling, J. et al. Comparison of probabilistic tractography and tract-based spatial statistics for assessing optic radiation damage in patients with autoimmune inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system. Neuroimage Clin. 19, 538\u2013550 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"1367_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2018.1436729","volume":"50","author":"AQC Miguel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miguel, A. Q. C. et al. Sociodemographic characteristics, patterns of crack use, concomitant substance use disorders, and psychiatric symptomatology in treatment-seeking crack-dependent individuals in Brazil. J. Psychoact. Drugs 50, 367\u2013372 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"1367_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218334","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218334","volume":"14","author":"B Sanvicente-Vieira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanvicente-Vieira, B. et al. Sex-based differences in multidimensional clinical assessments of early-abstinence crack cocaine users. PLoS ONE 14, e0218334 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1367_CR34","unstructured":"First M., Williams J., Spitzer R., Karg R. Scid-5-C V - Vers\u00e3o Cl\u00ednica. 5th edn. Artmed (2017)."},{"key":"1367_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence\u2013Second Edition (WASI-II). (NCS Pearson, 2011).","DOI":"10.1037\/t15171-000"},{"key":"1367_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03482.x","volume":"106","author":"JS Cacciola","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cacciola, J. S., Alterman, A. I., Habing, B. & McLellan, A. T. Recent status scores for version 6 of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6). Addiction 106, 1588\u20131602 (2011).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1367_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019","volume":"125","author":"JLR Andersson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andersson, J. L. R. & Sotiropoulos, S. N. An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging. Neuroimage 125, 1063\u20131078 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1367_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.061","volume":"44","author":"SM Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith, S. M. & Nichols, T. E. Threshold-free cluster enhancement: addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference. Neuroimage 44, 83\u201398 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1367_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.06.021","volume":"100","author":"M Bach","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bach, M. et al. Methodological considerations on tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Neuroimage 100, 358\u2013369 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1367_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.12.033","volume":"128","author":"C Kodiweera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kodiweera, C., Alexander, A. L., Harezlak, J., McAllister, T. W. & Wu, Y. C. Age effects and sex differences in human brain white matter of young to middle-aged adults: a DTI, NODDI, and q-space study. Neuroimage 128, 180\u2013192 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1367_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.060","volume":"65","author":"HM van der Holst","year":"2013","unstructured":"van der Holst, H. M. et al. Microstructural integrity of the cingulum is related to verbal memory performance in elderly with cerebral small vessel disease: the RUN DMC study. Neuroimage 65, 416\u2013423 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1367_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21231","volume":"33","author":"AG van Norden","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Norden, A. G. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of the hippocampus and verbal memory performance: the RUN DMC study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 33, 542\u2013551 (2012).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1367_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.06.040","volume":"146","author":"O Ozalay","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ozalay, O. et al. The relationship between the anterior corpus callosum size and prefrontal cortex volume in drug-free depressed patients. J. Affect Disord. 146, 281\u2013285 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1367_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2295-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"MC Putnam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Putnam, M. C., Wig, G. S., Grafton, S. T., Kelley, W. M. & Gazzaniga, M. S. Structural organization of the corpus callosum predicts the extent and impact of cortical activity in the nondominant hemisphere. J. Neurosci. 28, 2912\u20132918 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1367_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12375","volume":"22","author":"AM Kaag","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaag, A. M. et al. White matter alterations in cocaine users are negatively related to the number of additionally (ab)used substances. Addict. Biol. 22, 1048\u20131056 (2017).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"1367_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.12.005","volume":"213","author":"Z Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. Prenatal cocaine exposure alters functional activation in the ventral prefrontal cortex and its structural connectivity with the amygdala. Psychiatry Res. 213, 47\u201355 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"1367_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.07.002","volume":"48","author":"M Petrides","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petrides, M., Tomaiuolo, F., Yeterian, E. H. & Pandya, D. N. The prefrontal cortex: comparative architectonic organization in the human and the macaque monkey brains. Cortex 48, 46\u201357 (2012).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1367_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14605","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905936106","volume":"106","author":"A Ishii","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ishii, A. et al. Human myelin proteome and comparative analysis with mouse myelin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 14605\u201314610 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1367_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.151894","volume":"586","author":"R Kimura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kimura, R. & Matsuki, N. Protein kinase CK2 modulates synaptic plasticity by modification of synaptic NMDA receptors in the hippocampus. J. Physiol. 586, 3195\u20133206 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"1367_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.114.009217","volume":"66","author":"RC Bruntz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bruntz, R. C., Lindsley, C. W. & Brown, H. A. Phospholipase D signaling pathways and phosphatidic acid as therapeutic targets in cancer. Pharm. Rev. 66, 1033\u20131079 (2014).","journal-title":"Pharm. Rev."},{"key":"1367_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.92.237","volume":"92","author":"T Chiba","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chiba, T. et al. Microglial phospholipase D4 deficiency influences myelination during brain development. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci. 92, 237\u2013254 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"1367_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.26.3361","volume":"11","author":"CM Dobson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dobson, C. M. et al. Identification of the gene responsible for the cblB complementation group of vitamin B12-dependent methylmalonic aciduria. Hum. Mol. Genet 11, 3361\u20133369 (2002).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet"},{"key":"1367_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.03.009","volume":"233","author":"A Miller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller, A., Korem, M., Almog, R. & Galboiz, Y. Vitamin B12, demyelination, remyelination and repair in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 233, 93\u201397 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"1367_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.058","volume":"21","author":"H Boutej","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boutej, H. et al. Diverging mRNA and protein networks in activated microglia reveal SRSF3 suppresses translation of highly upregulated innate immune transcripts. Cell Rep. 21, 3220\u20133233 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1367_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.068221","volume":"123","author":"Y Hayashi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hayashi, Y. et al. Lumican is required for neutrophil extravasation following corneal injury and wound healing. J. Cell Sci. 123, 2987\u20132995 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"1367_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033457","volume":"67","author":"BJ Everitt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Everitt, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. Drug addiction: updating actions to habits to compulsions ten years on. Annu Rev. Psychol. 67, 23\u201350 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"1367_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300617","volume":"30","author":"FG Moeller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moeller, F. G. et al. Reduced anterior corpus callosum white matter integrity is related to increased impulsivity and reduced discriminability in cocaine-dependent subjects: diffusion tensor imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 30, 610\u2013617 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1367_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.05.008","volume":"92","author":"EJ Bubb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bubb, E. J., Metzler-Baddeley, C. & Aggleton, J. P. The cingulum bundle: anatomy, function, and dysfunction. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 92, 104\u2013127 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"1367_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.07.019","volume":"92","author":"KO Lim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lim, K. O. et al. Brain macrostructural and microstructural abnormalities in cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 92, 164\u2013172 (2008).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"1367_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12356","volume":"22","author":"L Vaquero","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaquero, L. et al. Cocaine addiction is associated with abnormal prefrontal function, increased striatal connectivity and sensitivity to monetary incentives, and decreased connectivity outside the human reward circuit. Addict. Biol. 22, 844\u2013856 (2017).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"1367_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.025","volume":"192","author":"Y Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Williamson, V., Setlow, B., Cottler, L. B. & Knackstedt, L. A. The importance of considering polysubstance use: lessons from cocaine research. Drug Alcohol Depend. 192, 16\u201328 (2018).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"1367_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1590\/2237-6089-2017-0143","volume":"41","author":"M Ribeiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ribeiro, M. et al. Adulterants in crack cocaine in Brazil. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 41, 186\u2013190 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother."},{"key":"1367_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034173","volume":"21","author":"BD Kiluk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kiluk, B. D., Babuscio, T. A., Nich, C. & Carroll, K. M. Smokers versus snorters: do treatment outcomes differ according to route of cocaine administration? Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 21, 490\u2013498 (2013).","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"1367_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000410","volume":"32","author":"HP Oliveira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oliveira, H. P. et al. The route of administration exacerbates prefrontal functional impairments in crack cocaine users. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 32, 812\u2013820 (2018).","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"1367_CR65","unstructured":"Winstock A., Barrat M., Ferris J., Maier L. Global Drug Survey. GDS Core Research Team (2017)."},{"key":"1367_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-100103705","volume":"27","author":"I Elman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Elman, I., Karlsgodt, K. H. & Gastfriend, D. R. Gender differences in cocaine craving among non-treatment-seeking individuals with cocaine dependence. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abus. 27, 193\u2013202 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abus."},{"key":"1367_CR67","first-page":"17","volume":"24","author":"ML Zilberman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zilberman, M. L., Hochgraf, P. B. & Andrade, A. G. Gender differences in treatment-seeking Brazilian drug-dependent individuals. Subst. Abus 24, 17\u201325 (2003).","journal-title":"Subst. Abus"},{"key":"1367_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12381","volume":"21","author":"L Fattore","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fattore, L. & Melis, M. Sex differences in impulsive and compulsive behaviors: a focus on drug addiction. Addict. Biol. 21, 1043\u20131051 (2016).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"1367_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214463","volume":"335","author":"KD Ersche","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ersche, K. D. et al. Abnormal brain structure implicated in stimulant drug addiction. Science 335, 601\u2013604 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1367_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386492","volume":"17","author":"G Gong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gong, G., He, Y. & Evans, A. C. Brain connectivity: gender makes a difference. Neuroscientist 17, 575\u2013591 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"1367_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22099","volume":"34","author":"B Jeurissen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jeurissen, B., Leemans, A., Tournier, J. D., Jones, D. K. & Sijbers, J. Investigating the prevalence of complex fiber configurations in white matter tissue with diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Hum. Brain Mapp. 34, 2747\u20132766 (2013).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1367_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siems S. B. et al. Proteome profile of peripheral myelin in healthy mice and in a neuropathy model. Elife 9, e51406 (2020).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.51406"},{"key":"1367_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-009-8071-2","volume":"40","author":"O Jahn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jahn, O., Tenzer, S. & Werner, H. B. Myelin proteomics: molecular anatomy of an insulating sheath. Mol. Neurobiol. 40, 55\u201372 (2009).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1367_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.08.004","volume":"17","author":"E Dardiotis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dardiotis, E. et al. Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine levels and multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 17, 190\u2013197 (2017).","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1367_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2174\/1573406413666170906123857","volume":"14","author":"N Nemazannikova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nemazannikova, N., Mikkelsen, K., Stojanovska, L., Blatch, G. L. & Apostolopoulos, V. Is there a link between vitamin B and multiple sclerosis? Med Chem. 14, 170\u2013180 (2018).","journal-title":"Med Chem."},{"key":"1367_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200407010","volume":"167","author":"A Bolino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bolino, A. et al. Disruption of Mtmr2 produces CMT4B1-like neuropathy with myelin outfolding and impaired spermatogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 167, 711\u2013721 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"1367_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lettieri A. et al. Protein kinase CK2 subunits differentially perturb the adhesion and migration of GN11 cells: a model of immature migrating neurons. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 5951 (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235951"},{"key":"1367_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.132","volume":"49","author":"SW Jang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jang, S. W. et al. Casein kinase 2 is a critical determinant of the balance of Th17 and Treg cell differentiation. Exp. Mol. Med. 49, e375 (2017).","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"1367_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646507","volume":"46","author":"EF Castillo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Castillo, E. F. et al. Lumican negatively controls the pathogenicity of murine encephalitic TH17 cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 46, 2852\u20132861 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"1367_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2016.00038","volume":"4","author":"CE McMurran","year":"2016","unstructured":"McMurran, C. E., Jones, C. A., Fitzgerald, D. C. & Franklin, R. J. CNS remyelination and the innate immune system. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 4, 38 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"1367_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.02247.x","volume":"88","author":"DN Albertson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Albertson, D. N. et al. Gene expression profile of the nucleus accumbens of human cocaine abusers: evidence for dysregulation of myelin. J. Neurochem 88, 1211\u20131219 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem"},{"key":"1367_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0234809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234809","volume":"15","author":"C Ronsley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ronsley, C. et al. Treatment of stimulant use disorder: a systematic review of reviews. PLoS ONE 15, e0234809 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01367-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01367-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01367-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T08:01:37Z","timestamp":1669881697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01367-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01367-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"252"}}