{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:57:05Z","timestamp":1793746625112,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Compelling evidence supports alterations in gut microbial diversity, bacterial composition, and\/or relative abundance of several bacterial taxa in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, findings for ADHD are inconsistent among studies, and specific gut microbiome signatures for the disorder remain unknown. Given that previous studies have mainly focused on the pediatric form of the disorder and involved small sample sizes, we conducted the largest study to date to compare the gastrointestinal microbiome composition in 100 medication-na\u00efve adults with ADHD and 100 sex-matched healthy controls. We found evidence that ADHD subjects have differences in the relative abundance of several microbial taxa. At the family level, our data support a lower relative abundance of Gracilibacteraceae and higher levels of Selenomonadaceae and Veillonellaceae in adults with ADHD. In addition, the ADHD group showed higher levels of\n                    <jats:italic>Dialister<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Megamonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    and lower abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Anaerotaenia and Gracilibacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    at the genus level. All four selected genera explained 15% of the variance of ADHD, and this microbial signature achieved an overall sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 71% for distinguishing between ADHD patients and healthy controls. We also tested whether the selected genera correlate with age, body mass index (BMI), or scores of the ADHD rating scale but found no evidence of correlation between genera relative abundance and any of the selected traits. These results are in line with recent studies supporting gut microbiome alterations in neurodevelopment disorders, but further studies are needed to elucidate the role of the gut microbiota on the ADHD across the lifespan and its contribution to the persistence of the disorder from childhood to adulthood.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01504-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T06:03:17Z","timestamp":1625724197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Gut microbiota signature in treatment-na\u00efve attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Vanesa","family":"Richarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Corrales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Fadeuilhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8758-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Vilar-Rib\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Arribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estela","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Karina","family":"Rosales-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Arias-Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3213-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Soler-Artigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1039-1116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Ribas\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1622-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep Antoni","family":"Ramos-Quiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1504_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Faraone, S. V. et al. Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2015;1:15020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2015.20.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.20"},{"key":"1504_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.08.001","volume":"28","author":"B Franke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Franke B, Michelini G, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Bilbow A, Buitelaar JK. et al. Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.2018;28:1059\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.08.001.","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"1504_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00238-X","volume":"387","author":"A Thapar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thapar A, Cooper M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet. 2016;387:1240\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00238-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1504_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942","volume":"164","author":"G Polanczyk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2007;164:942\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942.","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1504_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Faraone, S. V. & Larsson, H. Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24:562\u2212575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-018-0070-0.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0070-0"},{"key":"1504_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0269-7","volume":"51","author":"D Demontis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Demontis D, Walters RK, Martin J, Mattheisen M, Als TD, Agerbo E. et al. Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Genet.2019;51:63\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-018-0269-7.","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"1504_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0664-5","volume":"45","author":"P Rovira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rovira P, Demontis D, S\u00e1nchez-Mora C, Zayats T, Klein M, Mota NR. et al. Shared genetic background between children and adults with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45:1617\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-020-0664-5.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1504_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","volume":"18","author":"D Erny","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erny D, Hrabe de Angelis AL, Jaitin D, Wieghofer P, Staszewski O, David E. et al. Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS HHS Public Access Author manuscript. Nat Neurosci.2015;18:965\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.4030.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"1504_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.77","volume":"18","author":"G Clarke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clarke G, Grenham S, Scully P, Fitzgerald P, Moloney RD, Shanahan F. et al. The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18:666\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2012.77.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1504_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00460-0","volume":"19","author":"LH Morais","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morais LH, Schreiber HL, Mazmanian SK. The gut microbiota\u2013brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders. Nat Rev Microbiol.2020;19:241\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-020-00460-0.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"1504_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuwahara, A. et al. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: enteroendocrine cells and the enteric nervous system form an interface between the microbiota and the central nervous system. Biomed Res. 2020;41:199\u2212216.","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.41.199"},{"key":"1504_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy009","volume":"76","author":"MH Mohajeri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohajeri MH, La Fata G, Steinert RE, Weber P. Relationship between the gut microbiome and brain function. Nutr Rev.2018;76:481\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy009.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"1504_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","volume":"16","author":"B Dalile","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B, Verbeke K. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain communication. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol.2019;16:461\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"1504_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2019.05.001","volume":"48","author":"SA Dam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dam SA, Mostert JC, Szopinska-Tokov JW, Bloemendaal M, Amato M, Arias-Vasquez A. The role of the gut-brain axis in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Gastroenterol Clin North Am.2019;48:407\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gtc.2019.05.001.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am."},{"key":"1504_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1434-3","volume":"16","author":"Q Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma Q, Xing C, Long W, Wang HY, Liu Q, Wang RF. Impact of microbiota on central nervous system and neurological diseases: the gut-brain axis. J. Neuroinflammation.2019;16:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-019-1434-3.","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"1504_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.05.002","volume":"20","author":"YE Borre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Borre YE, O'Keeffe GW, Clarke G, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders. Trends Mol. Med.2014;20:509\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.05.002.","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"1504_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jurek, L. et al. Is there a dysbiosis in individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder compared to controls over the course of development? A systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01544-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01544-1"},{"key":"1504_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.50","volume":"21","author":"GB Rogers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rogers GB, Keating DJ, Young RL, Wong ML, Licinio J, Wesselingh S. From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways. Mol. Psychiatry. 2016;21:738\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2016.50.","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1504_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lacorte, E. et al. A systematic review of the microbiome in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Neurol. 2019;10:727 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.00727.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00727"},{"key":"1504_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wan, L. et al. Case-control study of the effects of gut microbiota composition on neurotransmitter metabolic pathways in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.00127.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00127"},{"key":"1504_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02383-1","volume":"59","author":"N Boonchooduang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boonchooduang N, Louthrenoo O, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Possible links between gut\u2013microbiota and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorders in children and adolescents. Eur J Nutr.2020;59:3391\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-020-02383-1.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"1504_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0183509","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183509","volume":"12","author":"E Aarts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aarts E, Ederveen T, Naaijen J, Zwiers MP, Boekhorst J, Timmerman HM. et al. Gut microbiome in ADHD and its relation to neural reward anticipation. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0183509 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0183509.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1504_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0200728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200728","volume":"13","author":"A Prehn-Kristensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prehn-Kristensen A, Zimmermann A, Tittmann L, Lieb W, Schreiber S, Baving L. et al. Reduced microbiome alpha diversity in young patients with ADHD. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0200728 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200728.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1504_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030406","volume":"8","author":"J Szopinska-Tokov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Szopinska-Tokov J, Dam S, Naaijen J, Konstanti P, Rommelse N, Belzer C. et al. Investigating the gut microbiota composition of individuals with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and association with symptoms. Microorganisms. 2020;8:406 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8030406.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"1504_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010249","volume":"13","author":"A Checa-Ros","year":"2021","unstructured":"Checa-Ros A, Jer A, Molina-Carballo A, Campoy C, Mu\u00f1oz-Hoyos A. Current evidence on the role of the gut microbiome in ADHD: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Nutrients. 2021;13:1\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13010249.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1504_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sukmajaya A. C., Lusida, M. I., Soetjipto & Setiawati, Y. Systematic review of gut microbiota and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2021;20:12 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12991-021-00330-w.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-021-00330-w"},{"key":"1504_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.03.036","volume":"347","author":"HY Jiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiang HY, Zhou YY, Zhou GL, Li YC, Yuan J, Li XH. et al. Gut microbiota profiles in treatment-na\u00efve children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Res.2018;347:408\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.03.036.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"1504_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01352-2","volume":"29","author":"LJ Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang LJ, Yang CY, Chou WJ, Lee MJ, Chou MC, Kuo HC. et al. Gut microbiota and dietary patterns in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;29:287\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-019-01352-2.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1504_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.51","volume":"77","author":"A P\u00e4rtty","year":"2015","unstructured":"P\u00e4rtty A, Kalliom\u00e4ki M, Wacklin P, Salminen S, Isolauri E. A possible link between early probiotic intervention and the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders later in childhood: a randomized trial. Pediatr Res.2015;77:823\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/pr.2015.51.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"1504_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00816-x","volume":"8","author":"AC Tengeler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tengeler AC, Dam SA, Wiesmann M, Naaijen J, van Bodegom M, Belzer C. et al. Gut microbiota from persons with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder affects the brain in mice. Microbiome. 2020;8:44 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-020-00816-x.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"1504_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.12.005","volume":"37","author":"CG De Theije","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Theije CG, Wopereis H, Ramadan M, van Eijndthoven T, Lambert J, Knol J. et al. Altered gut microbiota and activity in a murine model of autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav Immun.2014;37:197\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.12.005.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"1504_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.004","volume":"177","author":"G Sharon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharon G, Cruz NJ, Kang DW, Gandal MJ, Wang B, Kim YM. et al. Human gut microbiota from autism spectrum disorder promote behavioral symptoms in mice. Cell . 2019;177:1600\u2013e17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.004.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1504_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.024","volume":"155","author":"EY Hsiao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hsiao EY, McBride SW, Hsien S, Sharon G, Hyde ER, McCue T. et al. Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell. 2013;155:1451\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.024.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1504_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramos-Quiroga, J. A. et al. Criteria and concurrent validity of DIVA 2.0: a semi-structured diagnostic interview for adult ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2016;23:1\u221210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054716646451.","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716646451"},{"key":"1504_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot094722","volume":"2017","author":"E Mardis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mardis E, McCombie WR. Library quantification using picogreen fluorometry. Cold Spring Harb Protoc.2017;2017:432\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/pdb.prot094722.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Protoc."},{"key":"1504_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808","volume":"41","author":"A Klindworth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klindworth A, Pruesse E, Schweer T, Peplies J, Quast C, Horn M. et al. Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Nucleic Acids Res.2013;41:1 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gks808.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1504_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt593","volume":"30","author":"J Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang J, Kobert K, Flouri T, Stamatakis A. Genome analysis PEAR: a fast and accurate illumina paired-end reAd mergeR. Bioinformatics.2014;30:614\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt593.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"1504_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","volume":"17","author":"M Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet J. 2011;17:10\u201312.","journal-title":"EMBnet J."},{"key":"1504_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381","volume":"27","author":"RC Edgar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Edgar RC, Haas BJ, Clemente JC, Quince C, Knight R. UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics. 2011;27:2194\u20132200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1504_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.5.1614-1621.1994","volume":"60","author":"BM Goebel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Goebel BM, Stackebrandt E. Cultural and phylogenetic analysis of mixed microbial populations found in natural and commercial bioleaching environments. Appl Environ Microbiol.1994;60:1614\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.60.5.1614-1621.1994.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"1504_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl158","volume":"22","author":"W Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li W, Godzik A. Cd-hit: a fast program for clustering and comparing large sets of protein or nucleotide sequences. Bioinformatics. 2006;22:1658\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl158.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1504_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weiss, S. et al. Normalization and microbial differential abundance strategies depend upon data characteristics. Microbiome. 2017;5:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-017-0237-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0237-y"},{"key":"1504_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mcmurdie, P. J. & Holmes S. Phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome ceus data. PLoS ONE. 8(4):e61217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"1504_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.10.018","volume":"45","author":"LM Christian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christian LM, Galley JD, Hade EM, Schoppe-Sullivan S, Kamp Dush C, Bailey MT. Gut microbiome composition is associated with temperament during early childhood. Brain Behav Immun.2015;45:118\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.10.018.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"1504_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0242-1","volume":"5","author":"F Strati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Strati F, Cavalieri D, Albanese D, De Felice C, Donati C, Hayek J. et al. New evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders. Microbiome. 2017;5:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-017-0242-1.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"1504_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.06.008","volume":"16","author":"SM Finegold","year":"2010","unstructured":"Finegold SM, Dowd SE, Gontcharova V, Liu C, Henley KE, Wolcott RD. et al. Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children. Anaerobe. 2010;16:444\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.06.008.","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"1504_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00490","volume":"11","author":"JR Kelly","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kelly JR, Minuto C, Cryan JF, Clarke G, Dinan TG. Cross talk: the microbiota and neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Neurosci.2017;11:490 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2017.00490.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"1504_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Altered gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder. Sci Rep. 2019;9:287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-36430-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36430-z"},{"key":"1504_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.03.016","volume":"48","author":"H Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang H, Ling Z, Zhang Y, Mao H, Ma Z, Yin Y. et al. Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun.2015;48:186\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.03.016.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"1504_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.44","volume":"21","author":"P Zheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zheng P, Zeng B, Zhou C, Liu M, Fang Z, Xu X. et al. Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host\u2019s metabolism. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:786\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2016.44.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1504_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2358","volume":"13","author":"R Zou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zou R, Xu F, Wang Y, Duan M, Guo M, Zhang Q. et al. Changes in the gut microbiota of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res.2020;13:1614\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2358.","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"1504_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7502","volume":"2019","author":"N Hasan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hasan N, Yang H. Factors affecting the composition of the gut microbiota, and its modulation. PeerJ. 2019;2019:1\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.7502.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"1504_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03867.x","volume":"18","author":"PW O\u2019Toole","year":"2012","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole PW. Changes in the intestinal microbiota from adulthood through to old age. Clin Microbiol Infect.2012;18:44\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03867.x.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"1504_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.288","volume":"627","author":"L Flandroy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flandroy L, Poutahidis T, Berg G, Clarke G, Dao MC, Decaestecker E. et al. The impact of human activities and lifestyles on the interlinked microbiota and health of humans and of ecosystems. Sci Total Environ.2018;627:1018\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.288.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"1504_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3503","volume":"352","author":"G Falony","year":"2016","unstructured":"Falony G, Joossens M, Vieira-Silva S, Wang J, Darzi Y, Faust K. et al. Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation. Science. 2016;352:560\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aad3503.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1504_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3369","volume":"352","author":"A Zhernakova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhernakova A, Kurilshikov A, Bonder MJ, Tigchelaar EF, Schirmer M, Vatanen T. et al. Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science. 2016;352:565\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aad3369.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1504_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.7b00162","volume":"30","author":"L Chi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chi L, Mahbub R, Gao B, Bian X, Tu P, Ru H. et al. Nicotine alters the gut microbiome and metabolites of gut-brain interactions in a sex-specific manner. Chem Res Toxicol.2017;30:2110\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.7b00162.","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol."},{"key":"1504_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090282","volume":"7","author":"SH Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee SH, Yun Y, Kim SJ, Lee EJ, Chang Y, Ryu S. et al. Clinical medicine association between cigarette smoking status and composition of gut microbiota: population-based cross-sectional study. J Clin Med.2018;7:282 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7090282.","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"1504_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59260","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059260","volume":"8","author":"L Biedermann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biedermann L, Zeitz J, Mwinyi J, Sutter-Minder E, Rehman A, Ott SJ. et al. Smoking cessation induces profound changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in humans. PLoS One. 2013;8:e59260 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0059260.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1504_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4517","volume":"24","author":"JA Gilbert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilbert JA, Blaser MJ, Caporaso JG, Jansson JK, Lynch SV, Knight R. Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nat Med.2018;24:392\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4517.","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"1504_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2974","volume":"11","author":"F Sommer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sommer F, B\u00e4ckhed F. The gut microbiota-masters of host development and physiology. Nat Rev Microbiol.2013;11:227\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro2974.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"1504_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Awany, D. et al. Host and microbiome genome-wide association studies: current state and challenges. Front Genet. 2019;10:637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2018.00637.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00637"},{"key":"1504_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0743-8","volume":"5","author":"DA Hughes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hughes DA, Bacigalupe R, Wang J, R\u00fchlemann MC, Tito RY, Falony G. et al. Genome-wide associations of human gut microbiome variation and implications for causal inference analyses. Nat Microbiol.2020;5:1079\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-020-0743-8.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01504-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01504-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01504-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T08:22:47Z","timestamp":1669882967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01504-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01504-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Dra. S\u00e1nchez-Mora, Dra. Soler Artigas, Estela Garc\u00eda, and Dra. Ribas\u00e9s report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest. Vanesa Richarte has served as a speaker for Rubi\u00f3 and Shire\/Takeda in the last 5 years. She has received travel awards from Shire\/Takeda for participating in psychiatric meetings. The ADHD Program received unrestricted educational and research support from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, Shire\/Takeda, Rovi, Psious, and Laboratorios Rubi\u00f3 in the past two years. Dra. Corrales received travel awards from Shire for participating in psychiatric meetings. Christian Fadeuilhe received travel awards from Rubi\u00f3, Shire\/Takeda, and Lundbeck for participating in psychiatric meetings. Prof. Ramos-Quiroga was on the speakers\u2019 bureau and\/or acted as a consultant for Eli-Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, Shire, Takeda, Bial, Shionogui, Lundbeck, Almirall, Braingaze, Sincrolab, Medice, and Rubi\u00f3 in the last 5 years. He also received travel awards (air tickets + hotel) from Janssen-Cilag, Rubi\u00f3, Shire, Takeda, Shionogui, Bial, Medice, and Eli-Lilly for participating in psychiatric meetings. The Department of Psychiatry chaired by him received unrestricted educational and research support from the following companies in the last 5 years: EliLilly, Lundbeck, Janssen- Cilag, Actelion, Shire, Ferrer, Oryzon, Roche, Psious, and Rubi\u00f3.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"382"}}