{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:20:32Z","timestamp":1793643632000,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The goal of this study was to compare brain structure between individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and healthy controls. Previous studies have generated inconsistent findings, possibly due to small sample sizes, or clinical\/analytic heterogeneity. To address these concerns, we combined data from 28 research sites worldwide through the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group, using a single, pre-registered mega-analysis. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data from children and adults (5\u201390 years) were processed using FreeSurfer. The main analysis included the regional and vertex-wise cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical volume as dependent variables, and GAD, age, age-squared, sex, and their interactions as independent variables. Nuisance variables included IQ, years of education, medication use, comorbidities, and global brain measures. The main analysis (1020 individuals with GAD and 2999 healthy controls) included random slopes per site and random intercepts per scanner. A secondary analysis (1112 individuals with GAD and 3282 healthy controls) included fixed slopes and random intercepts per scanner with the same variables. The main analysis showed no effect of GAD on brain structure, nor interactions involving GAD, age, or sex. The secondary analysis showed increased volume in the right ventral diencephalon in male individuals with GAD compared to male healthy controls, whereas female individuals with GAD did not differ from female healthy controls. This mega-analysis combining worldwide data showed that differences in brain structure related to GAD are small, possibly reflecting heterogeneity or those structural alterations are not a major component of its pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01622-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T16:19:17Z","timestamp":1633105157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Cortical and subcortical brain structure in generalized anxiety disorder: findings from 28 research sites in the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9938-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Harrewijn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise M.","family":"Cardinale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nynke A.","family":"Groenewold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8982-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janna Marie","family":"Bas-Hoogendam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moji","family":"Aghajani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7986-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Hilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9633-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narcis","family":"Cardoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3921-3607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Porta-Caster\u00e0s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savannah","family":"Gosnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1105-566X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramiro","family":"Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8842-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea P.","family":"Jackowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni A.","family":"Salum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina S.","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira Z.","family":"Hammoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8620-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed R.","family":"Milad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie L.","family":"Burkhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Luan","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi K.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Strawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Beesdo-Baum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Jahanshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia I.","family":"Thomopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6422-8037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randy","family":"Buckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2717-193X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared A.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0381-6334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan W.","family":"Smoller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5466-5628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jair C.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0540-8027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mon-Ju","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovana B.","family":"Zunta-Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5307-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Assaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretchen J.","family":"Diefenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4021-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Maggioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Straube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Andreescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Berta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Tamburo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca B.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0109-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisele G.","family":"Manfro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Agosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Canu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Cividini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milutin","family":"Kosti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Munjiza Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca A. V.","family":"Alberton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle F.","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney A.","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Leibenluft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace V.","family":"Ringlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Werwath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Zwiebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6126-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Zugman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans J.","family":"Grabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Van der Auwera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4383-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Wittfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"V\u00f6lzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"B\u00fclow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8565-1544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas L.","family":"Balderston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Grillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3752-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilianne R.","family":"Mujica-Parodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"van Nieuwenhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2445-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo D.","family":"Critchley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Makovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Meeten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Ottaviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tali M.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0213-1034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Fonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0825-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin P.","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9564-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murray B.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel E.","family":"Gur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben C.","family":"Gur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0943-3094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia N.","family":"Kaczkurkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7072-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore D.","family":"Satterthwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Perino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad M.","family":"Sylvester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiongru","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Lueken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick J.","family":"Veltman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7218-7810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nic J. A.","family":"Van der Wee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anderson M.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Pine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1622_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.73","volume":"23","author":"DP Hibar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hibar DP, Westlye LT, Doan NT, Jahanshad N, Cheung JW, Ching C, et al. Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder: an MRI analysis of 6503 individuals from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23:932\u201342.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.60","volume":"22","author":"L Schmaal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmaal L, Hibar DP, S\u00e4mann PG, Hall GB, Baune BT, Jahanshad N, et al. Cortical abnormalities in adults and adolescents with major depression based on brain scans from 20 cohorts worldwide in the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Working Group. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22:900\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17050485","volume":"175","author":"PSW Boedhoe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boedhoe PSW, Schmaal L, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, Anticevic A, et al. Cortical abnormalities associated with pediatric and adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Working Group. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175:453\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.63","volume":"21","author":"TG van Erp","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Erp TG, Hibar DP, Rasmussen JM, Glahn DC, Pearlson GD, Andreassen OA, et al. Subcortical brain volume abnormalities in 2028 individuals with schizophrenia and 2540 healthy controls via the ENIGMA consortium. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:547\u201353.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson PM, et al. ENIGMA and global neuroscience: a decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10:100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.02.167"},{"key":"1622_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bas\u2010Hoogendam JM, Groenewold NA, Aghajani M, Freitag GF, Harrewijn A, Hilbert K, et al. ENIGMA-anxiety working group: rationale for and organization of large-scale neuroimaging studies of anxiety disorders. Human Brain Map. 2020;1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25100"},{"key":"1622_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10065","volume":"16","author":"HU Wittchen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wittchen HU. Generalized anxiety disorder: prevalence, burden, and cost to society. Depression Anxiety. 2002;16:162\u201371.","journal-title":"Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"1622_CR8","unstructured":"Beesdo-Baum K. Phenomenology of generalized anxiety disorder. In: Simon NM, Hollander E, Rothbaum BO, Stein DJ, editors. Anxiety, trauma and OCD-related disorders. 3rd ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2020. p. 161\u201375."},{"key":"1622_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","volume":"62","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions\u2019 of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:593\u2013602.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006069","volume":"35","author":"BF Grant","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, June Ruan W, Goldstein RB, et al. Prevalence, correlates, co-morbidity, and comparative disability of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the USA: results from the National Epiderniologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol Med. 2005;35:1747\u201359.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1622_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.177","volume":"67","author":"K Beesdo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beesdo K, Pine DS, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Incidence and risk patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders and categorization of generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:47\u201357.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.11.006","volume":"126","author":"M Cerda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cerda M, Sagdeo A, Johnson J, Galea S. Genetic and environmental influences on psychiatric comorbidity: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2010;126:14\u201338.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1622_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000298437","volume":"168","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kendler KS. Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder\u2014same genes, (partly) different environments\u2014revisited. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;168:68\u201375.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820090044008","volume":"49","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder\u2014same genes, (partly) different environments. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:716\u201322.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.01.022","volume":"158","author":"K Hilbert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hilbert K, Lueken U, Beesdo-Baum K. Neural structures, functioning and connectivity in generalized anxiety disorder and interaction with neuroendocrine systems: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2014;158:114\u201326.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1622_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.08.008","volume":"55","author":"AL Gold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gold AL, Brotman MA, Adleman NE, Lever SN, Steuber ER, Fromm SJ, et al. Comparing brain morphometry across multiple childhood psychiatric disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55:1027\u201337.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102016","volume":"24","author":"TA Kolesar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kolesar TA, Bilevicius E, Wilson AD, Kornelsen J. Systematic review and meta-analyses of neural structural and functional differences in generalized anxiety disorder and healthy controls using magnetic resonance imaging. NeuroImage. 2019;24:102016.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1622_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700352X","volume":"48","author":"C Molent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molent C, Maggioni E, Cecchetto F, Garzitto M, Piccin S, Bonivento C, et al. Reduced cortical thickness and increased gyrification in generalized anxiety disorder: a 3 T MRI study. Psychol Med. 2018;48:2001\u201310.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1622_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.08.004","volume":"268","author":"C Andreescu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andreescu C, Tudorascu D, Sheu LK, Rangarajan A, Butters MA, Walker S, et al. Brain structural changes in late-life generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2017;268:15\u201321.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1622_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.07.012","volume":"28","author":"JR Strawn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strawn JR, John Wegman C, Dominick KC, Swartz MS, Wehry AM, Patino LR, et al. Cortical surface anatomy in pediatric patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28:717\u201323.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"1622_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-013-9269-5","volume":"8","author":"PM Thompson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thompson PM, Stein JL, Medland SE, Hibar DP, Vasquez AA, Renteria ME, et al. The ENIGMA Consortium: large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data. Brain Imaging Behav. 2014;8:153\u201382.","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"1622_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2018.00102","volume":"12","author":"PSW Boedhoe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boedhoe PSW, Heymans MW, Schmaal L, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, et al. An empirical comparison of meta- and mega-analysis with data from the ENIGMA Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Working Group. Front Neuroinformatics. 2019;12:8.","journal-title":"Front Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"1622_CR23","unstructured":"Zugman A, et al. Mega-analysis methods in ENIGMA: The experience of the generalized anxiety disorder working group. Human Brain Map. 2020;1\u201323."},{"key":"1622_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harrewijn A, et al. Comparing cortical and subcortical brain structure between patients with generalized anxiety disorder and healthy comparison subjects\u2014findings from the ENIGMA Generalized Anxiety Disorder Working Group. OSF Preregistration; 2019; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/YXAJS.","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/YXAJS"},{"key":"1622_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7701-z","volume":"262","author":"E Canu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Canu E, Kosti\u0107 M, Agosta F, Munjiza A, Ferraro PM, Pesic D, et al. Brain structural abnormalities in patients with major depression with or without generalized anxiety disorder comorbidity. J Neurol. 2015;262:1255\u201365.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1622_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22566","volume":"26","author":"J Cha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cha J, Greenberg T, Song I, Blair Simpson H, Posner J, Mujica-Parodi LR. Abnormal hippocampal structure and function in clinical anxiety and comorbid depression. Hippocampus. 2016;26:545\u201353.","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"1622_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.10.009","volume":"234","author":"K Hilbert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hilbert K, Pine DS, Muehlhan M, Lueken U, Steudte-Schmiedgen S, Beesdo-Baum K. Gray and white matter volume abnormalities in generalized anxiety disorder by categorical and dimensional characterization. Psychiatry Res. 2015;234:314\u201320.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1622_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardinale EM, et al. Parsing neurodevelopmental features of irritability and anxiety: Replication and validation of a latent variable approach. Dev Psychopathol. 2019;31:917\u201329.","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457941900035X"},{"key":"1622_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.83","volume":"42","author":"AL Gold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gold AL, Steuber ER, White LK, Pacheco J, Sachs JF, Pagliaccio D, et al. Cortical thickness and subcortical gray matter volume in pediatric anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42:2423\u201333.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1622_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.001","volume":"32","author":"BJ Casey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Casey BJ, Cannonier T, Conley MI, Cohen AO, Barch DM, Heitzeg MM, et al. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: imaging acquisition across 21 sites. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018;32:43\u201354.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"1622_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.002","volume":"32","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Koob GF, Croyle RT, Bianchi DW, Gordon JA, Koroshetz WJ, et al. The conception of the ABCD study: from substance use to a broad NIH collaboration. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018;32:4\u20137.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"1622_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander LM, et al. An open resource for transdiagnostic research in pediatric mental health and learning disorders. Sci Data. 2017;4:170181.","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.181"},{"key":"1622_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter KLH, et al. Preschool anxiety disorders predict different patterns of amygdala-prefrontal connectivity at school-age. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116854"},{"key":"1622_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteban O, et al. MRIQC: advancing the automatic prediction of image quality in MRI from unseen sites. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0184661.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184661"},{"key":"1622_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","volume":"33","author":"B Fischl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fischl B, Salat DH, Busa E, Albert M, Dieterich M, Haselgrove C, et al. Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron. 2002;33:341\u201355.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1622_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.059","volume":"169","author":"AFG Rosen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosen AFG, Roalf DR, Ruparel K, Blake J, Seelaus K, Villa LP, et al. Quantitative assessment of structural image quality. Neuroimage. 2018;169:407\u201318.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1622_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.026","volume":"61","author":"AM Winkler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Winkler AM, Sabuncu MR, Yeo BT, Fischl B, Greve DN, Kochunov P, et al. Measuring and comparing brain cortical surface area and other areal quantities. Neuroimage. 2012;61:1428\u201343.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1622_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","volume":"31","author":"RS Desikan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Desikan RS, S\u00e9gonne F, Fischl B, Quinn BT, Dickerson BC, Blacker D, et al. An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. NeuroImage. 2006;31:968\u201380.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1622_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.05.068","volume":"141","author":"AM Winkler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Winkler AM, Ridgway GR, Douaud G, Nichols TE, Smith SM. Faster permutation inference in brain imaging. Neuroimage. 2016;141:502\u201316.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1622_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23115","volume":"37","author":"AM Winkler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Winkler AM, Webster MA, Brooks JC, Tracey I, Smith SM, Nichols TE. Non-parametric combination and related permutation tests for neuroimaging. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37:1486\u2013511.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"1622_CR41","unstructured":"Hilbert K, et al. Cortical and subcortical structural alterations in specific phobia: results from the ENIGMA Specific Phobia Working Group. OSF Preregistration; 2020."},{"key":"1622_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1683","volume":"6","author":"ER de Kloet","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Kloet ER, Joels M, Holsboer F. Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6:463\u201375.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1622_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.09.024","volume":"146","author":"R Terlevic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Terlevic R, Isola M, Ragogna M, Meduri M, Canalaz F, Perini L, et al. Decreased hypothalamus volumes in generalized anxiety disorder but not in panic disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013;146:390\u20134.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1622_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2018.11.008","volume":"283","author":"S Modi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Modi S, Thaploo D, Kumar P, Khushu S. Individual differences in trait anxiety are associated with gray matter alterations in hypothalamus: Preliminary neuroanatomical evidence. Psychiatry Res. 2019;283:45\u201354.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1622_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2104_5","volume":"21","author":"RF Eme","year":"1992","unstructured":"Eme RF. Selective female affliction in the developmental disorders of childhood\u2014a literature-review. J Clin Child Psychol. 1992;21:354\u201364.","journal-title":"J Clin Child Psychol"},{"key":"1622_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18040425","volume":"176","author":"DPM Tromp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tromp DPM, Williams LE, Fox AS, Oler JA, Roseboom PH, Rogers GM, et al. Altered uncinate fasciculus microstructure in childhood anxiety disorders in boys but not girls. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176:208\u201316.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.07.044","volume":"141","author":"KL Mills","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mills KL, Goddings AL, Herting MM, Meuwese R, Blakemore SJ, Crone EA, et al. Structural brain development between childhood and adulthood: convergence across four longitudinal samples. Neuroimage. 2016;141:273\u201381.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1622_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.02.029","volume":"267","author":"D Porta-Caster\u00e0s","year":"2020","unstructured":"Porta-Caster\u00e0s D, Fullana MA, Tinoco D, Mart\u00ednez-Zalaca\u00edn I, Pujol J, Palao DJ, et al. Prefrontal-amygdala connectivity in trait anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder: testing the boundaries between healthy and pathological worries. J Affect Disord. 2020;267:211\u20139.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1622_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gosnell SN, et al. Hippocampal volume in psychiatric diagnoses: Should psychiatry biomarker research account for comorbidities? Chronic Stress. 2020;4:2470547020906799.","DOI":"10.1177\/2470547020906799"},{"key":"1622_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1459","volume":"24","author":"GA Salum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salum GA, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Moriyama TS, Graeff-Martins AS, Tamanaha AC, et al. High risk cohort study for psychiatric disorders in childhood: rationale, design, methods and preliminary results. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2015;24:58\u201373.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1622_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blair KS, et al. Association of different types of childhood maltreatment with emotional responding and response control among youths. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e194604.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.4604"},{"key":"1622_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0004","volume":"29","author":"RJR Blair","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blair RJR, White SF, Tyler PM, Johnson K, Lukoff J, Thornton LC, et al. Threat responsiveness as a function of cannabis and alcohol use disorder severity. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019;29:526\u201334.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1622_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4833","volume":"77","author":"MF Marin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marin MF, Hammoud MZ, Klumpp H, Simon NM, Milad MR. Multimodal categorical and dimensional approaches to understanding threat conditioning and its extinction in individuals with anxiety disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77:618\u201327.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0407-7","volume":"44","author":"SM Gorka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gorka SM, Young CB, Klumpp H, Kennedy AE, Francis J, Ajilore O, et al. Emotion-based brain mechanisms and predictors for SSRI and CBT treatment of anxiety and depression: a randomized trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44:1639\u201348.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1622_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.03.011","volume":"102","author":"H Klumpp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klumpp H, Kinney KL, Kennedy AE, Shankman SA, Langenecker SA, Kumar A, et al. Trait attentional control modulates neurofunctional response to threat distractors in anxiety and depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;102:87\u201395.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1622_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21961","volume":"29","author":"JR Strawn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Strawn JR, Bitter SM, Weber WA, Chu WJ, Whitsel RM, Adler C, et al. Neurocircuitry of generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents: a pilot functional neuroimaging and functional connectivity study. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:939\u201347.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"1622_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.01.015","volume":"62","author":"MJ Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu MJ, Wu HE, Mwangi B, Sanches M, Selvaraj S, Zunta-Soares GB, et al. Prediction of pediatric unipolar depression using multiple neuromorphometric measurements: a pattern classification approach. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;62:84\u201391.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1622_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assaf M, et al. Neural functional architecture and modulation during decision making under uncertainty in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Brain Behav. 2018;8:e01015.","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1015"},{"key":"1622_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.168203","volume":"209","author":"GJ Diefenbach","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diefenbach GJ, Bragdon LB, Zertuche L, Hyatt CJ, Hallion LS, Tolin DF, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for generalised anxiety disorder: a pilot randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209:222\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.09.023","volume":"12","author":"C Buff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buff C, Brinkmann L, Neumeister P, Feldker K, Heitmann C, Gathmann B, et al. Specifically altered brain responses to threat in generalized anxiety disorder relative to social anxiety disorder and panic disorder. NeuroImage. 2016;12:698\u2013706.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1622_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.07.015","volume":"24","author":"H Karim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karim H, Tudorascu DL, Aizenstein H, Walker S, Good R, Andreescu C. Emotion reactivity and cerebrovascular burden in late-life GAD: a neuroimaging study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24:1040\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702620906149","volume":"8","author":"RB Price","year":"2020","unstructured":"Price RB, Beltz AM, Woody ML, Cummings L, Gilchrist D, Siegle GJ. Neural connectivity subtypes predict discrete attentional bias profiles among heterogeneous anxiety patients. Clin Psychol Sci. 2020;8:491\u2013505.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1622_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000309","volume":"86","author":"RB Price","year":"2018","unstructured":"Price RB, Cummings L, Gilchrist D, Graur S, Banihashemi L, Kuo SS, et al. Towards personalized, brain-based behavioral intervention for transdiagnostic anxiety: transient neural responses to negative images predict outcomes following a targeted computer-based intervention. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2018;86:1031\u201345.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1622_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462011000200015","volume":"33","author":"GA Salum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Salum GA, Isolan LR, Bosa VL, Tocchetto AG, Teche SP, Schuch I. et al. The multidimensional evaluation and treatment of anxiety in children and adolescents: rationale, design, methods and preliminary findings. Braz J Psychiatry. 2011;33:181\u201395.","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2016.09.010","volume":"257","author":"R Toazza","year":"2016","unstructured":"Toazza R, Franco AR, Buchweitz A, Molle RD, Rodrigues DM, Reis RS, et al. Amygdala-based intrinsic functional connectivity and anxiety disorders in adolescents and young adults. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2016;257:11\u201316.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"1622_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19060650","volume":"177","author":"AL Gold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gold AL, Abend R, Britton JC, Behrens B, Farber M, Ronkin E, et al. Age differences in the neural correlates of anxiety disorders: an fMRI study of response to learned threat. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177:454\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp394","volume":"40","author":"H V\u00f6lzke","year":"2011","unstructured":"V\u00f6lzke H, Alte D, Schmidt CO, Radke D, Lorbeer R, Friedrich N, et al. Cohort profile: the study of health in pomerania. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:294\u2013307.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1622_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22518","volume":"34","author":"NL Balderston","year":"2017","unstructured":"Balderston NL, Vytal KE, O'Connell K, Torrisi S, Letkiewicz A, Ernst M, et al. Anxiety patients show reduced working memory related dlPFC activation during safety and threat. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34:25\u201336.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"1622_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsw091","volume":"11","author":"E Makovac","year":"2016","unstructured":"Makovac E, Watson DR, Meeten F, Garfinkel SN, Cercignani M, Critchley HD, et al. Amygdala functional connectivity as a longitudinal biomarker of symptom changes in generalized anxiety. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2016;11:1719\u201328.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"1622_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.10.013","volume":"80","author":"E Makovac","year":"2016","unstructured":"Makovac E, Meeten F, Watson DR, Herman A, Garfinkel SN, D Critchley H, et al. Alterations in amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity account for excessive worry and autonomic dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;80:786\u201395.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002383","volume":"43","author":"TM Ball","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ball TM, Ramsawh HJ, Campbell-Sills L, Paulus MP, Stein MB. Prefrontal dysfunction during emotion regulation in generalized anxiety and panic disorders. Psychol Med. 2013;43:1475\u201386.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1622_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.07.031","volume":"169","author":"GA Fonzo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fonzo GA, Ramsawh HJ, Flagan TM, Sullivan SG, Simmons AN, Paulus MP, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder is associated with attenuation of limbic activation to threat-related facial emotions. J Affect Disord. 2014;169:76\u201385.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1622_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12416","volume":"56","author":"ME Calkins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calkins ME, Merikangas KR, Moore TM, Burstein M, Behr MA, Satterthwaite TD, et al. The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort: constructing a deep phenotyping collaborative. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56:1356\u201369.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1622_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.064","volume":"86","author":"TD Satterthwaite","year":"2014","unstructured":"Satterthwaite TD, Elliott MA, Ruparel K, Loughead J, Prabhakaran K, Calkins ME, et al. Neuroimaging of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Neuroimage. 2014;86:544\u201353.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1622_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perino MT, et al. Attention alterations in pediatric anxiety: evidence from behavior and neuroimaging. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;89:726\u201334.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.07.016"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01622-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01622-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01622-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T16:58:57Z","timestamp":1699549137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01622-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01622-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"PMP has received speakers honoraria from Daiichi Sankyo, Libbs, Sandoz, Novartis, and Abbot. NJ is MPI of a research-related grant from Biogen Inc, for work unrelated to this manuscript. JCS is consultant for PFIZER, SUNOVIAN, SANOFI, JOHNSON & JOHNSON, Livanova, and Boehringer Ingelheim. FA is Section Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical; has received speaker honoraria from Philips, Novartis, and Biogen Idec; and receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), and the European Research Council. EC has received research support from the Italian Ministry of Health. MF is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology; received compensation for consulting services and\/or speaking activities from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; and receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Roche, Italian Ministry of Health, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, and ARiSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA). HJG has received travel grants and speakers honoraria from Fresenius Medical Care, Neuraxpharm, Servier, and Janssen Cilag as well as research funding from Fresenius Medical Care. GAF owns equity in Alto Neuroscience. MPP is an advisor to Spring Care, Inc., a behavioral health startup, he has received royalties for an article about methamphetamine in UpToDate. MBS has in the past 3 years been a consultant for Actelion, Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Aptinyx, Bionomics, BioXcel Therapeutics, Clexio, EmpowerPharm, Epivario, GW Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Roche\/Genentech, and Oxeia Biopharmaceuticals; and has stock options in Oxeia Biopharmaceuticals and Epivario. PMT received partial grant support from Biogen, Inc., for research unrelated to this manuscript; consulted for Kairos Venture Capital, Inc., on projects unrelated to this manuscript. DJS has received research grants and\/or consultancy honoraria from Lundbeck and Sun. Material support (for IOL site, led by MA and GJD) was provided by Neuronetics. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"502"}}