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Despite intensive neuroimaging research on ECT in the past two decades, the underlying neurobiological correlates of cognitive side effects remain elusive. Because the primary ECT-related cognitive deficit is memory impairment, it has been suggested that the hippocampus may play a crucial role. In the current study, we investigated 29 subjects with longitudinal MRI and detailed neuropsychological testing in two independent cohorts (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915\/14) to test if volume changes were associated with cognitive side effects. The two cohorts underwent somewhat different ECT study protocols reflected in electrode placements and the number of treatments. We used longitudinal freesurfer algorithms (6.0) to obtain a bias-free estimate of volume changes in the hippocampus and tested its relationship with neurocognitive score changes. As an exploratory analysis and to evaluate how specific the effects were to the hippocampus, we also calculated this relationship in 41 other areas. In addition, we also analyzed cognitive data from a group of healthy volunteers (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200929) to assess practice effects. Our results supported the hypothesis that hippocampus enlargement was associated with worse cognitive outcomes, and this result was generalizable across two independent cohorts with different diagnoses, different electrode placements, and a different number of ECT sessions. We found, in both cohorts, that treatment robustly increased the volume size of the hippocampus (Cohort 1: <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095.07, Cohort 2: <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.82; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and the volume increase correlated with the neurocognitive <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>-score change. (Cohort 1: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.68, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005; Cohort 2: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.58; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04). Overall, our research indicates that novel treatment methods serving to avoid hippocampal volume increase may result in a better side effect profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01641-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T03:36:44Z","timestamp":1633837004000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["ECT-induced cognitive side effects are associated with hippocampal enlargement"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7254-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miklos","family":"Argyelan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8586-338X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd","family":"Lencz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simran","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Moyett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Joanlanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohag","family":"Sanghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Petrides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil K.","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1641_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5","volume":"361","author":"UK ECT Review Group.","year":"2003","unstructured":"UK ECT Review Group. 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