{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:05:01Z","timestamp":1788869101455,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2536\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2536\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["211155\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211155\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["098362\/Z\/12\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["098362\/Z\/12\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003986","name":"Jacobs Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-1261-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-1261-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003986","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["27023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIHR Senior Investigator"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compulsive behavior is enacted under a belief that a specific act controls the likelihood of an undesired future event. Compulsive behaviors are widespread in the general population despite having no causal relationship with events they aspire to influence. In the current study, we tested whether there is an increased tendency to assign value to aspects of a task that do not predict an outcome (i.e., outcome-irrelevant learning) among individuals with compulsive tendencies. We studied 514 healthy individuals who completed self-report compulsivity, anxiety, depression, and schizotypal measurements, and a well-established reinforcement-learning task (i.e., the two-step task). As expected, we found a positive relationship between compulsivity and outcome-irrelevant learning. Specifically, individuals who reported having stronger compulsive tendencies (e.g., washing, checking, grooming) also tended to assign value to response keys and stimuli locations that did not predict an outcome. Controlling for overall goal-directed abilities and the co-occurrence of anxious, depressive, or schizotypal tendencies did not impact these associations. These findings indicate that outcome-irrelevant learning processes may contribute to the expression of compulsivity in a general population setting. We highlight the need for future research on the formation of non-veridical action\u2212outcome associations as a factor related to the occurrence and maintenance of compulsive behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01642-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T12:02:43Z","timestamp":1636113763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Assigning the right credit to the wrong action: compulsivity in the general population is associated with augmented outcome-irrelevant value-based learning"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1364-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitzan","family":"Shahar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7997-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias U.","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rani","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Moutoussis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"NSPN consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Principal investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Bullmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond J.","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Goodyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Fonagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"NSPN (funded) staff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Moutoussis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Neufeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Romero-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle St","family":"Clair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"V\u00e9rtes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstie","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Becky","family":"Inkster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gita","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinly","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar","family":"Toseeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Widmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaid","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Villis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Alrumaithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Birt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aislinn","family":"Bowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalia","family":"Cleridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hina","family":"Dadabhoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashlyn","family":"Firkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sian","family":"Granville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Isaacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janchai","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danae","family":"Kokorikou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Maurice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cleo","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Memarzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciara","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Pantaleone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Kiddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ela","family":"Polek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Affiliated scientists","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasco","family":"Fearon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Suckling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Laura","family":"van Harmelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogier","family":"Kievit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Chamberlain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8955-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward T.","family":"Bullmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9356-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond J.","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1642_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(85)90105-6","volume":"23","author":"PM Salkovskis","year":"1985","unstructured":"Salkovskis PM. Obsessional-compulsive problems: a cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behav Res Ther. 1985;23:571\u201383.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1642_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.94","volume":"15","author":"AM Ruscio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruscio AM, Stein DJ, Chiu WT, Kessler RC. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;15:53\u201363.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1642_CR3","unstructured":"Torres AR, Fontenelle LF, Shavitt RG, Hoexter MQ, Pittenger C, Miguel EC. Epidemiology, comorbidity, and burden of OCD. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/oxfordmedicine.com\/view\/10.1093\/med\/9780190228163.001.0001\/med-9780190228163-chapter-4. Accessed 13 Dec 2019."},{"key":"1642_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatry Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5\u00ae). Washington, DC: Author, 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"1642_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2014.941393","volume":"43","author":"NAR Goods","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goods NAR, Rees CS, Egan SJ, Kane RT. The relationship between magical thinking, inferential confusion and obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms. Cogn Behav Ther. 2014;43:342\u201350.","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"1642_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821647116","volume":"116","author":"N Shahar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shahar N, Moran R, Hauser TU, Kievit RA, McNamee D, Moutoussis M, et al. Credit assignment to state-independent task representations and its relationship with model-based decision making. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:15871\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1642_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055873","volume":"38","author":"BF Skinner","year":"1948","unstructured":"Skinner BF. \u2018Superstition\u2019 in the pigeon. J Exp Psychol. 1948;38:168\u201372.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"1642_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gillan CM, Kosinski M, Whelan R, Phelps EA, Daw ND. Characterizing a psychiatric symptom dimension related to deficits in goal-directed control. eLife. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.11305.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.11305"},{"key":"1642_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2998","volume":"77","author":"CM Gillan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gillan CM, Kalanthroff E, Evans M, Weingarden HM, Jacoby RJ, Gershkovich M, et al. Comparison of the Association Between Goal-Directed Planning and Self-reported Compulsivity vs Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Diagnosis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77:77\u201385.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1642_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002786","volume":"47","author":"CM Gillan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gillan CM, Fineberg NA, Robbins TW. A trans-diagnostic perspective on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2017;47:1528\u201348.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1642_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10071062","volume":"168","author":"CM Gillan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gillan CM, Papmeyer M, Morein-Zamir S, Sahakian BJ, Fineberg NA, Robbins TW, et al. Disruption in the balance between goal-directed behavior and habit learning in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:718\u201326.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1642_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000402","volume":"147","author":"S de Wite Wit","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Wite Wit S, Kindt M, Knot SL, Verhoeven A, Robbins TW, Gasull-Camos J, et al. Shifting the balance between goals and habits: five failures in experimental habit induction. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2018;147:1043\u201365.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"1642_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx117","volume":"47","author":"B Kiddle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kiddle B, Inkster B, Prabhu G, Moutoussis M, Whitaker KJ, Bullmore ET, et al. Cohort Profile: The NSPN 2400 Cohort: a developmental sample supporting the Wellcome Trust NeuroScience in Psychiatry Network. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47:18\u201319.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1642_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.027","volume":"69","author":"ND Daw","year":"2011","unstructured":"Daw ND, Gershman SJ, Seymour B, Dayan P, Dolan RJ. Model-based influences on humans\u2019 choices and striatal prediction errors. Neuron. 2011;69:1204\u201315.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1642_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797616639301","volume":"27","author":"JH Decker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Decker JH, Otto AR, Daw ND, Hartley CA. From creatures of habit to goal-directed learners: tracking the developmental emergence of model-based reinforcement learning. Psychol Sci. 2016;27:848\u201358.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1642_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417219112","volume":"112","author":"L Deserno","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deserno L, Huys QJ, Boehme R, Buchert R, Heinze HJ, Grace AA, et al. Ventral striatal dopamine reflects behavioral and neural signatures of model-based control during sequential decision making. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:1595\u2013600.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1642_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006803","volume":"15","author":"N Shahar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shahar N, Hauser TU, Moutoussis M, Moran R, Keramati M, NSPN c, et al. Improving the reliability of model-based decision-making estimates in the two-stage decision task with reaction-times and drift-diffusion modeling. PLoS Comput Biol. 2019;15:e1006803.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"1642_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kool W, Cushman FA, Gershman SJ. When does model-based control pay off? PLoS Comput Biol. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005090.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005090"},{"key":"1642_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.14.4.485","volume":"14","author":"EB Foa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Foa EB, Huppert JD, Leiberg S, Langner R, Kichic R, Hajcak G, et al. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychol Assess. 2002;14:485\u201396.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"1642_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000075","volume":"27","author":"BM Wootton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wootton BM, Diefenbach GJ, Bragdon LB, Steketee G, Frost RO, Tolin DF, et al. A contemporary psychometric evaluation of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory\u2014Revised (OCI-R). Psychol Assess. 2015;27:874\u201382.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"1642_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00035-6","volume":"34","author":"GL Burns","year":"1996","unstructured":"Burns GL, Keortge SG, Formea GM, Sternberger LG. Revision of the Padua Inventory of obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms: distinctions between worry, obsessions, and compulsions. Behav Res Ther. 1996;34:163\u201373.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1642_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90116-7","volume":"26","author":"E Sanavio","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sanavio E. Obsessions and compulsions: the Padua Inventory. Behav Res Ther. 1988;26:169\u201377.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1642_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200210000-00015","volume":"41","author":"D Bamber","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bamber D, Tamplin A, Park RJ, Kyte ZA, Goodyer IM. Development of a short leyton obsessional inventory for children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:1246\u201352.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1642_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-191","volume":"11","author":"J Brodbeck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brodbeck J, Abbott RA, Goodyer IM, Croudace TJ. General and specific components of depression and anxiety in an adolescent population. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:191.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"1642_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919131","volume":"6","author":"CR Reynolds","year":"1978","unstructured":"Reynolds CR, Richmond BO. What I think and feel: a revised measure of children\u2019s manifest anxiety. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1978;6:271\u201380.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1642_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/17.4.555","volume":"17","author":"A Raine","year":"1991","unstructured":"Raine A. The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophr Bull. 1991;17:555\u201364.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1642_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan D. Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.): Foundations and Extensions. SAGE Publications, Inc., 2009.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452226576"},{"key":"1642_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004648","volume":"11","author":"T Akam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akam T, Costa R, Dayan P. Simple plans or sophisticated habits? State, transition and learning interactions in the two-step task. PLoS Comput Biol. 2015;11:e1004648.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"1642_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0905-y","volume":"4","author":"C Feher da Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feher da Silva C, Hare TA. Humans primarily use model-based inference in the two-stage task. Nat Hum Behav. 2020;4:1053\u201366.","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"1642_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006803","volume":"15","author":"N Shahar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shahar N, Hauser TU, Moutoussis M, Moran R, Keramati M, NSPN c, et al. Improving the reliability of model-based decision-making estimates in the two-stage decision task with reaction-times and drift-diffusion modeling. PLoS Comput Biol. 2019;15:e1006803.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"1642_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617708288","volume":"28","author":"W Kool","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kool W, Gershman SJ, Cushman FA. Cost-benefit arbitration between multiple reinforcement-learning systems. Psychol Sci. 2017;28:1321\u201333.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1642_CR32","first-page":"601","volume":"5","author":"VM Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown VM, Chen J, Gillan CM, Price RB. Improving the reliability of computational analyses: model-based planning and its relationship with compulsivity. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2020;5:601\u20139.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"1642_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.06.069","volume":"102","author":"GE Gignac","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gignac GE, Szodorai ET. Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers. Personal Individ Differ. 2016;102:74\u20138.","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"1642_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van den Bergh D, Clyde MA, Gupta ARKN, de Jong T, Gronau QF, Marsman M, et al. A tutorial on Bayesian multi-model linear regression with BAS and JASP. Behav Res Methods. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/pqju6.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/pqju6"},{"key":"1642_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280902986058","volume":"18","author":"R Kliegl","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kliegl R, Masson MEJ, Richter EM. A linear mixed model analysis of masked repetition priming. Vis Cogn. 2010;18:655\u201381.","journal-title":"Vis Cogn"},{"key":"1642_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00028-6","volume":"40","author":"S Rachman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rachman S. A cognitive theory of compulsive checking. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40:625\u201339.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1642_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0470-8","volume":"22","author":"Y Niv","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niv Y. Learning task-state representations. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:1544\u201353.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1642_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130475","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0475","volume":"369","author":"CM Gillan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gillan CM, Robbins TW. Goal-directed learning and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Philos Trans R Soc B. 2014;369:20130475.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"1642_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.44","volume":"20","author":"V Voon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Voon V, Derbyshire K, R\u00fcck C, Irvine MA, Worbe Y, Enander J, et al. Disorders of compulsivity: a common bias towards learning habits. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20:345\u201352.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1642_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08662-8","volume":"10","author":"R Moran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moran R, Keramati M, Dayan P, Dolan RJ. Retrospective model-based inference guides model-free credit assignment. Nat Commun. 2019;10:750.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1642_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moran R, Dayan P, Dolan RJ. Human subjects exploit a cognitive map for credit assignment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2016884118.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016884118"},{"key":"1642_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.03.091","volume":"31","author":"R Moran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moran R, Dayan P, Dolan RJ. Efficiency and prioritization of inference-based credit assignment. Curr Biol. 2021;31:2747\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2021.03.091.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"1642_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deserno L, Moran R, Lee Y, Michely J, Dayan P, Dolan R. Dopamine enhances model-free credit assignment through boosting of retrospective model-based inference. Biological Psychiatry 2021;89:S94.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.02.246"},{"key":"1642_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.12.003","volume":"69","author":"M Figee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Figee M, Vink M, de Geus F, Vulink N, Veltman DJ, Westenberg H, et al. Dysfunctional reward circuitry in obsessive\u2212compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69:867\u201374.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1642_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003305","volume":"47","author":"TU Hauser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hauser TU, Iannaccone R, Dolan RJ, Ball J, H\u00e4ttenschwiler J, Drechsler R, et al. Increased fronto-striatal reward prediction errors moderate decision making in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2017;47:1246\u201358.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1642_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05292-2","volume":"236","author":"GK Murray","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murray GK, Knolle F, Ersche KD, Craig KJ, Abbott S, Shabbir SS, et al. Dopaminergic drug treatment remediates exaggerated cingulate prediction error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology. 2019;236:2325\u201336.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1642_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2015.1049349","volume":"37","author":"RB Kline","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kline RB. The mediation myth. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 2015;37:202\u201313.","journal-title":"Basic Appl Soc Psychol"},{"key":"1642_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2015.1049351","volume":"37","author":"F Thoemmes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thoemmes F. Reversing arrows in mediation models does not distinguish plausible models. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 2015;37:226\u201334.","journal-title":"Basic Appl Soc Psychol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01734-8","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000}}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01642-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01642-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01642-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T15:28:22Z","timestamp":1669908502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-021-01642-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01642-x","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01734-8","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2021","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01734-8","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01734-8","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"564"}}