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However, how the oxytocinergic system in children who are maltreated (CM) is epigenetically affected remains unknown. We assessed differences in salivary DNA methylation of the gene encoding oxytocin (\n                    <jats:italic>OXT<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) between CM (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200924) and non-CM (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200931), alongside its impact on brain structures and functions using multi-modal brain imaging (voxel-based morphometry, diffusion tensor imaging, and task and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging). We found that CM showed higher promoter methylation than non-CM, and nine CpG sites were observed to be correlated with each other and grouped into one index (\n                    <jats:italic>OXT<\/jats:italic>\n                    mi).\n                    <jats:italic>OXT<\/jats:italic>\n                    mi was significantly negatively correlated with gray matter volume (GMV) in the left superior parietal lobule (SPL), and with right putamen activation during a rewarding task, but not with white matter structures. Using a random forest regression model, we investigated the sensitive period and type of maltreatment that contributed the most to\n                    <jats:italic>OXT<\/jats:italic>\n                    mi in CM, revealing that they were 5\u20138 years of age and physical abuse (PA), respectively. However, the presence of PA (PA+) was meant to reflect more severe cases, such as prolonged exposure to multiple types of abuse, than the absence of PA. PA+ was associated with significantly greater functional connectivity between the right putamen set as the seed and the left SPL and the left cerebellum exterior. The results suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>OXT<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoter hypermethylation may lead to the atypical development of reward and visual association structures and functions, thereby potentially worsening clinical aspects raised by traumatic experiences.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01714-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T21:03:20Z","timestamp":1637183000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A multi-modal MRI analysis of brain structure and function in relation to OXT methylation in maltreated children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6234-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shota","family":"Nishitani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi X.","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiki","family":"Hiraoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Makita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0911-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinichiro","family":"Takiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoko","family":"Hamamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8537-5156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia K.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6558-5017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akemi","family":"Tomoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1714_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.111","volume":"17","author":"MH Teicher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teicher MH, Samson JA, Anderson CM, Ohashi K. 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