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In this retrospective chart review, we investigated whether clinical factors contribute to altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Clinical data from electronic medical records of patients with psychotic disorders (ICD-10: F20-F29) who received routine CSF diagnostics at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich, Germany, were included. Chi\u00b2 tests for dichotomous outcomes and independent <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests for continuous outcomes were used to compare differences between groups. A total of 331 patients were included in the analyses (43.2% female and 56.8% male). The mean age was 37.67 years (\u00b115.58). The mean duration of illness was 71.96 months (\u00b1102.59). In all, 40% (128\/320) were first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 60% (192\/320) were multi-episode psychosis (MEP) patients. Elevated CSF protein levels were found in 19.8% and elevated CSF\/serum albumin ratios (Q<jats:sub>Alb<\/jats:sub>) in 29.4% of the cases. Pleocytosis was found in 6.1% of patients. MEP patients showed significantly higher mean Q<jats:sub>Alb<\/jats:sub> compared with FEP patients (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(304.57)<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009\u22122.75, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006), which did not remain significant after correcting for age. Q<jats:sub>Alb<\/jats:sub> elevation occurred more frequently in men (<jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>(1)<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200914.76, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009&lt;0.001). For treatment resistance, family history, and cMRI alterations, no significant differences in CSF-related outcomes were detected. Our work extends other retrospective cohorts confirming a relevant degree of CSF alterations in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and shows the difficulty to relate these alterations to clinical and disease course trajectories. More research is needed to develop treatment response predictors from CSF analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01751-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T07:05:32Z","timestamp":1638947132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in first- and multi-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: impact of clinical and demographical variables"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Oviedo-Salcedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7147-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Campana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gagsteiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Strube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Eichhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Luise","family":"Louiset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurjen","family":"Luykx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7235-9958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lot D.","family":"de Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9 S.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4939-9465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"Benros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Falkai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alkomiet","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1751_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60995-8","volume":"374","author":"J van Os","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Os J, Kapur S. 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Oviedo-Salcedo, E. Wagner, M. Campana, P. Eichhorn, A. Gagsteiger, M. L. Louiset, M. Benros, J. Luykx report no conflict of interest. W. Strube was honorary speaker for Mag & More and Neurocare. L. D. de Witte has a sponsored research agreement with Alector Inc., R. S. Kahn has served or currently serves as a consultant for Alkermes, Inc., Lundbeck, Merck, Otsuka, Roche and Sunovion and has received speaker fees from Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, and Otsuka. P. Falkai was honorary speaker for Janssen-Cilag, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Bayer Vital, SmithKline Beecham, Wyeth, and Essex. During the last 5 years, he was a member of the advisory boards of Janssen-Cilag, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, and Lundbeck. Presently, he is a member of the advisory boards of Richter Pharma, Abbot, and Otsuka. A. Hasan has received paid speakerships from Janssen, Recordati, Otsuka, and Lundbeck. He was member of Roche, Otsuka, Lundbeck, Recordati, Rovi and Janssen advisory boards.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"621"}}