{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T05:38:30Z","timestamp":1792474710097,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation, Argentina | Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT-2019-02294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2019-02294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The use of low sub-perceptual doses of psychedelics (\u201cmicrodosing\u201d) has gained popularity in recent years. Although anecdotal reports claim multiple benefits associated with this practice, the lack of placebo-controlled studies severely limits our knowledge of microdosing and its effects. Moreover, research conducted in standard laboratory settings could fail to capture the motivation of individuals engaged or planning to engage in microdosing protocols, thus underestimating the likelihood of positive effects on creativity and cognitive function. We recruited 34 individuals starting to microdose with psilocybin mushrooms (\n                    <jats:italic>Psilocybe cubensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), one of the materials most frequently used for this purpose. Following a double-blind placebo-controlled experimental design, we investigated the acute and short-term effects of 0.5\u2009g of dried mushrooms on subjective experience, behavior, creativity (divergent and convergent thinking), perception, cognition, and brain activity. The reported acute effects were significantly more intense for the active dose compared to the placebo, but only for participants who correctly identified their experimental condition. These changes were accompanied by reduced EEG power in the theta band, together with preserved levels of Lempel-Ziv broadband signal complexity. For all other measurements there was no effect of microdosing except for few small changes towards cognitive impairment. According to our findings, low doses of psilocybin mushrooms can result in noticeable subjective effects and altered EEG rhythms, but without evidence to support enhanced well-being, creativity and cognitive function. We conclude that expectation underlies at least some of the anecdotal benefits attributed to microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02039-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T02:03:44Z","timestamp":1659405824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms: a double-blind placebo-controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Federico","family":"Cavanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5689-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Alethia","family":"de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Zamberlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat\u00edas","family":"Palmucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Janeckova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7616-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Kuchar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Pallavicini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo","family":"Tagliazucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2039_CR1","unstructured":"Sahakian B, d\u2019Angelo, C, Savulich, G Microdosing. LSD is not just a silicon valley trend\u2013it is spreading to other workplaces. Independent. 2018. https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/voices\/lsd-microdosingcalifornia-silicon-valley-california-drugs-young-professionals-a8259001.html."},{"key":"2039_CR2","unstructured":"Nye BC. Microdosing: The people taking LSD with their breakfast. BBC News. 2017. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/health-39516345."},{"key":"2039_CR3","unstructured":"Glatter R. LSD microdosing: The new job enhancer in Silicon Valley and beyond. Forbes. 2015. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/robertglatter\/2015\/11\/27\/lsd-microdosing-the-new-job-enhancer-insilicon-valley-and-beyond\/?sh=e928ea4188a8."},{"key":"2039_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.09.035","volume":"119","author":"G Ona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ona G, Bouso JC. Potential safety, benefits, and influence of the placebo effect in microdosing psychedelic drugs: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;119:194\u2013203.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2039_CR5","unstructured":"Winstock ARML, Zhuparris A, Davies E, Puljevic C, Kuypers K, Ferris JA, et al. Global drug survey (GDS) 2021 key findings report. 2021. https:\/\/www.globaldrugsurvey.com\/wpcontent\/themes\/globaldrugsurvey\/results\/GDS2017_key-findings-report_final.pdf."},{"key":"2039_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2020.1718250","volume":"52","author":"LP Cameron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cameron LP, Nazarian A, Olson DE. Psychedelic microdosing: prevalence and subjective effects. J Psychoact Drugs. 2020;52:113\u201322.","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"2039_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz029","volume":"22","author":"N Hutten","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hutten N, Mason NL, Dolder PC, Kuypers KPC. Motives and side-effects of microdosing with psychedelics among users. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;22:426\u201334.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2039_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0211023","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211023","volume":"14","author":"V Polito","year":"2019","unstructured":"Polito V, Stevenson RJ. A systematic study of microdosing psychedelics. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0211023.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2039_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.11.008","volume":"75","author":"T Lea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lea T, Amada N, Jungaberle H, Schecke H, Klein M. Microdosing psychedelics: Motivations, subjective effects and harm reduction. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;75:102600.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2039_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.02.004","volume":"87","author":"JC Bouso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bouso JC, Dos Santos RG, Alcazar-Corcoles MA, Hallak JEC. Serotonergic psychedelics and personality: A systematic review of contemporary research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;87:118\u201332.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2039_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011478","volume":"68","author":"DE Nichols","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nichols DE. Psychedelics. Pharm Rev. 2016;68:264\u2013355.","journal-title":"Pharm Rev"},{"key":"2039_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730031","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.730031","volume":"12","author":"D Dupuis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dupuis D. Psychedelics as tools for belief transmission. set, setting, suggestibility, and persuasion in the ritual use of hallucinogens. Front Psychol. 2021;12:730031.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2039_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3714-z","volume":"232","author":"RL Carhart-Harris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris RL, Kaelen M, Whalley MG, Bolstridge M, Feilding A, Nutt DJ. LSD enhances suggestibility in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2015;232:785\u201394.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"2039_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00897","volume":"9","author":"E Haijen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haijen E, Kaelen M, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Kettner H, Russ S, et al. Predicting responses to psychedelics: a prospective study. Front Pharm. 2018;9:897.","journal-title":"Front Pharm"},{"key":"2039_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.2171","volume":"78","author":"D Nutt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R. The current status of psychedelics in psychiatry. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:121\u20132.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2039_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1341-1907","volume":"54","author":"LJ Mertens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mertens LJ, Preller KH. Classical psychedelics as therapeutics in psychiatry\u2014current clinical evidence and potential therapeutic mechanisms in substance use and mood disorders. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2021;54:176\u201390.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"2039_CR17","unstructured":"Fadiman J. The psychedelic explorer\u2019s guide: Safe, therapeutic, and sacred journeys. Simon and Schuster 2011."},{"key":"2039_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5049-7","volume":"235","author":"L Prochazkova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prochazkova L, Lippelt DP, Colzato LS, Kuchar M, Sjoerds Z, Hommel B. Exploring the effect of microdosing psychedelics on creativity in an open-label natural setting. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2018;235:3401\u201313.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"2039_CR19","first-page":"39","volume":"35","author":"PG Johnstad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnstad PG. Powerful substances in tiny amounts: An interview study of psychedelic microdosing. Nordisk Alkohol Nark. 2018;35:39\u201351.","journal-title":"Nordisk Alkohol Nark"},{"key":"2039_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5106-2","volume":"236","author":"T Anderson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anderson T, Petranker R, Rosenbaum D, Weissman CR, Dinh-Williams LA, Hui K, et al. Microdosing psychedelics: personality, mental health, and creativity differences in microdosers. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2019;236:731\u201340.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"2039_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00672","volume":"10","author":"N Hutten","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hutten N, Mason NL, Dolder PC, Kuypers KPC. Self-rated effectiveness of microdosing with psychedelics for mental and physical health problems among microdosers. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:672.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2039_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05477-0","volume":"237","author":"T Lea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lea T, Amada N, Jungaberle H, Schecke H, Scherbaum N, Klein M. Perceived outcomes of psychedelic microdosing as self-managed therapies for mental and substance use disorders. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2020;237:1521\u201332.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"2039_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204512532095056","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125320950567","volume":"10","author":"KPC Kuypers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuypers KPC. The therapeutic potential of microdosing psychedelics in depression. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2020;10:2045125320950567.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2039_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00192","volume":"4","author":"DE Olson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olson DE. The subjective effects of psychedelics may not be necessary for their enduring therapeutic effects. ACS Pharm Transl Sci. 2021;4:563\u20137.","journal-title":"ACS Pharm Transl Sci"},{"key":"2039_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119857204","volume":"33","author":"KP Kuypers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuypers KP, Ng L, Erritzoe D, Knudsen GM, Nichols CD, Nichols DE, et al. Microdosing psychedelics: More questions than answers? An overview and suggestions for future research. J Psychopharmacol. 2019;33:1039\u201357.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2039_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62878","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62878","volume":"10","author":"B Szigeti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Szigeti B, Kartner L, Blemings A, Rosas F, Feilding A, Nutt DJ, et al. Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing. Elife. 2021;10:e62878.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2039_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120953994","volume":"36","author":"R Petranker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petranker R, Anderson T, Maier LJ, Barratt MJ, Ferris JA, Winstock AR. Microdosing psychedelics: Subjective benefits and challenges, substance testing behavior, and the relevance of intention. J Psychopharmacol. 2022;36:85\u201396.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2039_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1593561","volume":"51","author":"J Fadiman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fadiman J, Korb S. Might microdosing psychedelics be safe and beneficial? an initial exploration. J Psychoact Drugs. 2019;51:118\u201322.","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"2039_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.04.013","volume":"70","author":"M Webb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Webb M, Copes H, Hendricks PS. Narrative identity, rationality, and microdosing classic psychedelics. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;70:33\u201339.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2039_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05464-5","volume":"237","author":"JA Olson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olson JA, Suissa-Rocheleau L, Lifshitz M, Raz A, Veissiere SPL. Tripping on nothing: placebo psychedelics and contextual factors. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2020;237:1371\u201382.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"2039_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81446-7","volume":"11","author":"LS Kaertner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaertner LS, Steinborn MB, Kettner H, Spriggs MJ, Roseman L, Buchborn T, et al. Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing. Sci Rep. 2021;11:1941.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2039_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01811-4","volume":"11","author":"JM Rootman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rootman JM, Kryskow P, Harvey K, Stamets P, Santos-Brault E, Kuypers KPC, et al. Adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non-microdosers. Sci Rep. 2021;11:22479.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2039_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.05.019","volume":"86","author":"AK Bershad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bershad AK, Schepers ST, Bremmer MP, Lee R, de Wit H. Acute subjective and behavioral effects of microdoses of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy human volunteers. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;86:792\u2013800.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2039_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5119-x","volume":"236","author":"S Yanakieva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yanakieva S, Polychroni N, Family N, Williams LTJ, Luke DP, Terhune DB. The effects of microdose LSD on time perception: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2019;236:1159\u201370.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"2039_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.10.002","volume":"41","author":"N Hutten","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hutten N, Mason NL, Dolder PC, Theunissen EL, Holze F, Liechti ME, et al. Mood and cognition after administration of low LSD doses in healthy volunteers: A placebo controlled dose-effect finding study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;41:81\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2039_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05417-7","volume":"237","author":"N Family","year":"2020","unstructured":"Family N, Maillet EL, Williams LTJ, Krediet E, Carhart-Harris RL, Williams TM, et al. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of low dose lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy older volunteers. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2020;237:841\u201353.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"2039_CR37","first-page":"461","volume":"5","author":"AK Bershad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bershad AK, Preller KH, Lee R, Keedy S, Wren-Jarvis J, Bremmer MP, et al. Preliminary report on the effects of a low dose of LSD on resting-state amygdala functional connectivity. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2020;5:461\u20137.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2039_CR38","first-page":"1705","volume":"6","author":"M van Elk","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Elk M, Fejer G, Lempe P, Prochazckova L, Kuchar M, Hajkova K, et al. Effects of psilocybin microdosing on awe and aesthetic experiences: a preregistered field and lab-based study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021;6:1705\u201320.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2039_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2002.01609.x","volume":"53","author":"J Riba","year":"2002","unstructured":"Riba J, Anderer P, Morte A, Urbano G, Jane F, Saletu B, et al. Topographic pharmaco-EEG mapping of the effects of the South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharm. 2002;53:613\u201328.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"2039_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15171","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2063-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"SD Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Muthukumaraswamy SD, Carhart-Harris RL, Moran RJ, Brookes MJ, Williams TM, Errtizoe D, et al. Broadband cortical desynchronization underlies the human psychedelic state. J Neurosci. 2013;33:15171\u201383.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2039_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10544","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3007-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"M Kometer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kometer M, Schmidt A, Jancke L, Vollenweider FX. Activation of serotonin 2A receptors underlies the psilocybin-induced effects on alpha oscillations, N170 visual-evoked potentials, and visual hallucinations. J Neurosci. 2013;33:10544\u201351.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2039_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137202","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137202","volume":"10","author":"EE Schenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schenberg EE, Alexandre JF, Filev R, Cravo AM, Sato JR, Muthukumaraswamy SD, et al. Acute biphasic effects of ayahuasca. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0137202.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2039_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46421","volume":"7","author":"MM Schartner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schartner MM, Carhart-Harris RL, Barrett AB, Seth AK, Muthukumaraswamy SD. Increased spontaneous MEG signal diversity for psychoactive doses of ketamine, LSD and psilocybin. Sci Rep. 2017;7:46421.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2039_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518377113","volume":"113","author":"RL Carhart-Harris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris RL, Muthukumaraswamy S, Roseman L, Kaelen M, Droog W, Murphy K, et al. Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:4853\u20138.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2039_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51974-4","volume":"9","author":"C Timmermann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Timmermann C, Roseman L, Schartner M, Milliere R, Williams LTJ, Erritzoe D, et al. Neural correlates of the DMT experience assessed with multivariate EEG. Sci Rep. 2019;9:16324.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2039_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720066","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.720066","volume":"12","author":"E Tagliazucchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tagliazucchi E, Zamberlan F, Cavanna F, de la Fuente L, Romero C, Sanz Perl Y, et al. Baseline power of theta oscillations predicts mystical-type experiences induced by DMT in a natural setting. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:720066.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2039_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120981384","volume":"35","author":"C Pallavicini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pallavicini C, Cavanna F, Zamberlan F, de la Fuente LA, Ilksoy Y, Perl YS, et al. Neural and subjective effects of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings. J Psychopharmacol. 2021;35:406\u201320.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2039_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4026-7","volume":"232","author":"M Kometer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kometer M, Pokorny T, Seifritz E, Volleinweider FX. Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2015;232:3663\u201376.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"2039_CR49","first-page":"1735","volume":"6","author":"CH Murray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murray CH, Tare I, Perry CM, Malina M, Lee R, de Wit H. Low doses of LSD reduce broadband oscillatory power and modulate event-related potentials in healthy adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021;6:1735\u201347.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2039_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme A, Makeig S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J Neurosci Methods. 2004;134:9\u201321.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2039_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809667106","volume":"106","author":"TA Bekinschtein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bekinschtein TA, Dehaene S, Rohaut B, Tadel F, Cohen L, Naccache L. Neural signature of the conscious processing of auditory regularities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:1672\u20137.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2039_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.03.038","volume":"185","author":"KM Diaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diaz KM, Krupka DJ, Chang MJ, Peacock J, Ma Y, Goldsmith J, et al. Fitbit(R): An accurate and reliable device for wireless physical activity tracking. Int J Cardiol. 2015;185:138\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2039_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10527","DOI":"10.2196\/10527","volume":"6","author":"LM Feehan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feehan LM, Geldman J, Sayre EC, Park C, Ezzat AM, Yoo JY, et al. Accuracy of fitbit devices: systematic review and narrative syntheses of quantitative data. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2018;6:e10527.","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"2039_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-020-01798-5","volume":"28","author":"J van Doorn","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Doorn J, van den Bergh D, B\u00f6hm U, Dablander F, Derks K, Draws T, et al. The JASP guidelines for conducting and reporting a Bayesian analysis. Psychonomic Bull Rev. 2021;28:813\u201326.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bull Rev"},{"key":"2039_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3984.1970.tb00699.x","volume":"7","author":"PM Clark","year":"1970","unstructured":"Clark PM, Mirels HL. Fluency as a pervasive element in the measurement of creativity. J Educ Meas. 1970;7:83\u201386.","journal-title":"J Educ Meas"},{"key":"2039_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2021.1933434","volume":"14","author":"SD Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muthukumaraswamy SD, Forsyth A, Lumley T. Blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials. Expert Rev Clin Pharm. 2021;14:1133\u201352.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharm"},{"key":"2039_CR57","unstructured":"Winstock A, Barratt, MJ, Maier, LJ, Ferris, J. Global drug survey (GDS) 2018. Key findings report. 2018."},{"key":"2039_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00099","volume":"4","author":"N Hutten","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hutten N, Mason NL, Dolder PC, Theunissen EL, Holze F, Liechti ME, et al. Low doses of LSD acutely increase BDNF blood plasma levels in healthy volunteers. ACS Pharm Transl Sci. 2021;4:461\u20136.","journal-title":"ACS Pharm Transl Sci"},{"key":"2039_CR59","first-page":"niy008","volume":"2018","author":"T Bayne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bayne T, Carter O. Dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state. Neurosci Conscious. 2018;2018:niy008.","journal-title":"Neurosci Conscious"},{"key":"2039_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300621","volume":"30","author":"OL Carter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carter OL, Pettigrew JD, Hasler F, Wallis GM, Liu GB, Hell D, et al. Modulating the rate and rhythmicity of perceptual rivalry alternations with the mixed 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A agonist psilocybin. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30:1154\u201362.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2039_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0930-9","volume":"195","author":"OL Carter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carter OL, Hasler F, Pettigrew JD, Wallis GM, Liu GB, Vollenweider FX. Psilocybin links binocular rivalry switch rate to attention and subjective arousal levels in humans. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2007;195:415\u201324.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"2039_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e260","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050260","volume":"5","author":"A Del Cul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Del Cul A, Baillet S, Dehaene S. Brain dynamics underlying the nonlinear threshold for access to consciousness. PLoS Biol. 2007;5:e260.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2039_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0242056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242056","volume":"15","author":"N Farnes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farnes N, Juel BE, Nilsen AS, Romundstad LG, Storm JF. Increased signal diversity\/complexity of spontaneous EEG, but not evoked EEG responses, in ketamine-induced psychedelic state in humans. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0242056.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2039_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.01.033","volume":"431","author":"R Martinez Vivot","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martinez Vivot R, Pallavicini C, Zamberlan F, Vigo D, Tagliazucchi E. Meditation increases the entropy of brain oscillatory activity. Neuroscience. 2020;431:40\u201351.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2039_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655884","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.655884","volume":"12","author":"A Aamodt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aamodt A, Nilsen AS, Thurer B, Moghadam FH, Kauppi N, Juel BE, et al. EEG signal diversity varies with sleep stage and aspects of dream experience. Front Psychol. 2021;12:655884.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2039_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.01.017","volume":"117","author":"BS Oken","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oken BS, Salinsky MC, Elsas SM. Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117:1885\u2013901.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2039_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200029030-00003","volume":"29","author":"SA Paluska","year":"2000","unstructured":"Paluska SA, Schwenk TL. Physical activity and mental health: current concepts. Sports Med. 2000;29:167\u201380.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2039_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.04.002","volume":"31","author":"B Roshanaei-Moghaddam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roshanaei-Moghaddam B, Katon WJ, Russo J. The longitudinal effects of depression on physical activity. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31:306\u201315.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2039_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881121991822","volume":"35","author":"A Garcia-Romeu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia-Romeu A, Barrett FS, Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Optimal dosing for psilocybin pharmacotherapy: Considering weight-adjusted and fixed dosing approaches. J Psychopharmacol. 2021;35:353\u201361.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2039_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2950","volume":"13","author":"K Gotvaldova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gotvaldova K, Hajkova K, Borovicka J, Jurok R, Cihlarova P, Kuchar M. Stability of psilocybin and its four analogs in the biomass of the psychotropic mushroom Psilocybe cubensis. Drug Test Anal. 2021;13:439\u201346.","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"2039_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01061","volume":"83","author":"AM Sherwood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sherwood AM, Halberstadt AL, Klein AK, McCorvy JD, Kaylo KW, Kargbo RB, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of tryptamines found in hallucinogenic mushrooms: norbaeocystin, baeocystin, norpsilocin, and aeruginascin. J Nat Prod. 2020;83:461\u20137.","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"2039_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.09.009","volume":"140","author":"E Ayme-Dietrich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ayme-Dietrich E, Lawson R, Da-Silva S, Mazzucotelli JP, Monassier L. Serotonin contribution to cardiac valve degeneration: new insights for novel therapies? Pharm Res. 2019;140:33\u201342.","journal-title":"Pharm Res"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-022-02039-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-022-02039-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-022-02039-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T14:36:59Z","timestamp":1669214219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-022-02039-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-022-02039-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"307"}}