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We compared the neural and neurocognitive correlates of motor inhibition and performance monitoring in young adult males with \u201cpure\u201d and combined presentations with age-and sex-matched typically developing controls, to explore shared or disorder-specific atypicality. Males aged 20\u201327 years with typical development (TD; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922), ASD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200921), combined diagnoses ASD\u2009+\u2009ADHD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200923), and ADHD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200925) were compared using a modified tracking fMRI stop-signal task that measures motor inhibition and performance monitoring while controlling for selective attention. In addition, they performed a behavioural go\/no-go task outside the scanner. While groups did not differ behaviourally during successful stop trials, the ASD\u2009+\u2009ADHD group relative to other groups had underactivation in typical performance monitoring regions of bilateral anterior insula\/inferior frontal gyrus, right posterior thalamus, and right middle temporal gyrus\/hippocampus during failed inhibition, which was associated with increased stop-signal reaction time. In the behavioural go\/no-go task, both ADHD groups, with and without ASD, had significantly lower motor inhibition performance compared to TD controls. In conclusion, only young adult males with ASD\u2009+\u2009ADHD had neurofunctional atypicality in brain regions associated with performance monitoring, while inhibition difficulties on go\/no-go task performance was shared with ADHD. The suggests that young people with ASD\u2009+\u2009ADHD are most severely impaired during motor inhibition tasks compared to ASD and ADHD but do not reflect a combination of the difficulties associated with the pure disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02431-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T05:01:52Z","timestamp":1682139712000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Reduced inferior fronto-insular-thalamic activation during failed inhibition in young adults with combined ASD and ADHD compared to typically developing and pure disorder groups"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0616-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Lukito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5690-1252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Owen G.","family":"O\u2019Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5078-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Lythgoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hodsoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanos","family":"Maltezos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Pitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Simonoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katya","family":"Rubia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30289-5","volume":"6","author":"MC Lai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lai MC, Kassee C, Besney R, Bonato S, Hull L, Mandy W, et al. 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