{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T02:36:03Z","timestamp":1793500563398,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81970494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-00977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-00977"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002794","name":"Cancerfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\u201000123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\u201000123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The causality of the association between depression and gastrointestinal diseases is undetermined. We conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to systematically explore the associations of depression with 24 gastrointestinal diseases. Independent genetic variants associated with depression at the genome-wide significance level were selected as instrumental variables. Genetic associations with 24 gastrointestinal diseases were obtained from the UK Biobank study, the FinnGen study, and large consortia. Multivariable MR analysis was conducted to explore the mediation effects of body mass index, cigarette smoking, and type 2 diabetes. After multiple-testing corrections, genetic liability to depression was associated with an increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome, non-alcohol fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, gastroesophageal reflux, chronic pancreatitis, duodenal ulcer, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, diverticular disease, cholelithiasis, acute pancreatitis, and ulcerative colitis. For the causal effect of genetic liability to depression on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a substantial proportion was mediated by body mass index. Genetic predisposition to smoking initiation mediated half of effect of depression on acute pancreatitis. This MR study suggests that depression may play a causal role in many gastrointestinal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02459-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T11:02:25Z","timestamp":1683198145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Depression and 24 gastrointestinal diseases: a Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4937-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xixian","family":"Ruan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6987-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6880-2577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5055-5627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna C.","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2459_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","volume":"392","author":"GS Malhi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malhi GS, Mann JJ. Depression. Lancet. 2018;392:2299\u2013312.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2459_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9437","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i42.9437","volume":"22","author":"AZ Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang AZ, Wang QC, Huang KM, Huang JG, Zhou CH, Sun FQ, et al. Prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic digestive system diseases: a multicenter epidemiological study. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:9437\u201344.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2459_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0749-3","volume":"18","author":"M Avramidou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Avramidou M, Angst F, Angst J, Aeschlimann A, Rossler W, Schnyder U. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal symptoms in young and middle-aged Swiss adults: prevalences and comorbidities in a longitudinal population cohort over 28 years. BMC Gastroenterol. 2018;18:21.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2459_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03619.x","volume":"27","author":"S Haag","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haag S, Senf W, Hauser W, Tagay S, Grandt D, Heuft G, et al. Impairment of health-related quality of life in functional dyspepsia and chronic liver disease: the influence of depression and anxiety. Aliment Pharm Ther. 2008;27:561\u201371.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharm Ther"},{"key":"2459_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12669","volume":"39","author":"AJ Panara","year":"2014","unstructured":"Panara AJ, Yarur AJ, Rieders B, Proksell S, Deshpande AR, Abreu MT, et al. The incidence and risk factors for developing depression after being diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease: a cohort study. Aliment Pharm Ther. 2014;39:802\u201310.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharm Ther"},{"key":"2459_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001987","volume":"46","author":"A Sibelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sibelli A, Chalder T, Everitt H, Workman P, Windgassen S, Moss-Morris R. A systematic review with meta-analysis of the role of anxiety and depression in irritable bowel syndrome onset. Psychol Med. 2016;46:3065\u201380.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2459_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm21044","volume":"28","author":"M He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He M, Wang Q, Yao D, Li J, Bai G. Association between psychosocial disorders and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022;28:212\u201321.","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"2459_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58783-0","volume":"10","author":"SY Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim SY, Min C, Oh DJ, Choi HG. Reciprocal association between depression and peptic ulcers: two longitudinal follow-up studies using a national sample cohort. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1749.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2459_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.08.032","volume":"11","author":"AN Ananthakrishnan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Pan A, Higuchi LM, de Silva P, Richter JM, et al. Association between depressive symptoms and incidence of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis: results from the Nurses\u2019 Health Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:57\u201362.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2459_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317182","volume":"68","author":"AD Frolkis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frolkis AD, Vallerand IA, Shaheen AA, Lowerison MW, Swain MG, Barnabe C, et al. Depression increases the risk of inflammatory bowel disease, which may be mitigated by the use of antidepressants in the treatment of depression. Gut. 2019;68:1606\u201312.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2459_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","volume":"23","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davey Smith G, Hemani G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23:R89\u201398.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2459_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0486-1","volume":"25","author":"A Mulugeta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mulugeta A, Zhou A, King C, Hypponen E. Association between major depressive disorder and multiple disease outcomes: a phenome-wide Mendelian randomisation study in the UK Biobank. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:1469\u201376.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2459_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","volume":"12","author":"C Sudlow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, et al. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 2015;12:e1001779.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2459_CR14","unstructured":"Kurki MI, Karjalainen J, Palta P, Sipil\u00e4 TP, Kristiansson K, Donner K, et al. FinnGen: Unique genetic insights from combining isolated population and national health register data. medRxiv 2022: 2022.2003.2003.22271360."},{"key":"2459_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7","volume":"22","author":"DM Howard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard DM, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, Hafferty JD, Gibson J, Shirali M, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:343\u201352.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2459_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3359","volume":"47","author":"JZ Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu JZ, van Sommeren S, Huang H, Ng SC, Alberts R, Takahashi A, et al. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. Nat Genet. 2015;47:979\u201386.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2459_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21952-4","volume":"12","author":"M Guindo-Martinez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guindo-Martinez M, Amela R, Bonas-Guarch S, Puiggros M, Salvoro C, Miguel-Escalada I, et al. The impact of non-additive genetic associations on age-related complex diseases. Nat Commun. 2021;12:2436.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2459_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105308095977","volume":"13","author":"B Blaine","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blaine B. Does depression cause obesity? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of depression and weight control. J Health Psychol. 2008;13:1190\u20137.","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"2459_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000063X","volume":"51","author":"Y Yao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yao Y, Xu Y, Cai Z, Liu Q, Ma Y, Li AN, et al. Determination of shared genetic etiology and possible causal relations between tobacco smoking and depression. Psychol Med. 2021;51:1870\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2459_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05131-6","volume":"63","author":"B Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang B, Yuan S, Xiong Y, He Q, Larsson SC. Major depressive disorder and cardiometabolic diseases: a bidirectional Mendelian randomisation study. Diabetologia. 2020;63:1305\u201311.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2459_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02188-x","volume":"19","author":"SC Larsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Larsson SC, Burgess S. Causal role of high body mass index in multiple chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies. BMC Med. 2021;19:320.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2459_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84051","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84051","volume":"12","author":"S Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan S, Chen J, Ruan X, Sun Y, Zhang K, Wang X, et al. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and 24 gastrointestinal diseases: mendelian randomization analysis. Elife. 2023;12:e84051.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2459_CR23","first-page":"e18245","volume":"13","author":"S Modi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Modi S, Syed Gaggatur N, Sange AH, Srinivas N, Sarnaik MK, Hassan M, et al. An emerging facet of diabetes mellitus: the nexus of gastrointestinal disorders. Cureus. 2021;13:e18245.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2459_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy327","volume":"28","author":"SL Pulit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pulit SL, Stoneman C, Morris AP, Wood AR, Glastonbury CA, Tyrrell J, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for body fat distribution in 694 649 individuals of European ancestry. Hum Mol Genet. 2019;28:166\u201374.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2459_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0307-5","volume":"51","author":"M Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu M, Jiang Y, Wedow R, Li Y, Brazel DM, Chen F, et al. Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use. Nat Genet. 2019;51:237\u201344.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2459_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0637-y","volume":"52","author":"M Vujkovic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vujkovic M, Keaton JM, Lynch JA, Miller DR, Zhou J, Tcheandjieu C, et al. Discovery of 318 new risk loci for type 2 diabetes and related vascular outcomes among 1.4 million participants in a multi-ancestry meta-analysis. Nat Genet. 2020;52:680\u201391.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2459_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx034","volume":"46","author":"OO Yavorska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yavorska OO, Burgess S. MendelianRandomization: an R package for performing Mendelian randomization analyses using summarized data. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:1734\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2459_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x","volume":"32","author":"S Burgess","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burgess S, Thompson SG. Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32:377\u201389.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2459_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50:693\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2459_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34408","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","volume":"7","author":"G Hemani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, Wade KH, Haberland V, Baird D, et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife. 2018;7:e34408.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2459_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00757-1","volume":"36","author":"AR Carter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carter AR, Sanderson E, Hammerton G, Richmond RC, Davey Smith G, Heron J, et al. Mendelian randomisation for mediation analysis: current methods and challenges for implementation. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021;36:465\u201378.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2459_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1017\/S204579602000116X","volume":"30","author":"IY Cho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cho IY, Chang Y, Sung E, Kang JH, Wild SH, Byrne CD, et al. Depression and increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in individuals with obesity. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2021;30:e23.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"2459_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2012.09.005","volume":"54","author":"K Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee K, Otgonsuren M, Younoszai Z, Mir HM, Younossi ZM. Association of chronic liver disease with depression: a population-based study. Psychosomatics. 2013;54:52\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"2459_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.03.070","volume":"251","author":"JH Hsu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hsu JH, Chien IC, Lin CH. Increased risk of chronic liver disease in patients with major depressive disorder: a population-based study. J Affect Disord. 2019;251:180\u20135.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2459_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab191","volume":"16","author":"J Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo J, Xu Z, Noordam R, van Heemst D, Li-Gao R. Depression and inflammatory bowel disease: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study. J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16:633\u201342.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2459_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.06.007","volume":"36","author":"HJ Aubin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aubin HJ, Rollema H, Svensson TH, Winterer G. Smoking, quitting, and psychiatric disease: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36:271\u201384.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2459_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1081463","volume":"41","author":"A Mobascher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mobascher A, Winterer G. The molecular and cellular neurobiology of nicotine abuse in schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008;41:S51\u20139.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"2459_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51148","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051148","volume":"7","author":"S Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang S, Xu Z, Gao Y, Wu Y, Li Z, Liu H, et al. Bidirectional crosstalk between stress-induced gastric ulcer and depression under chronic stress. PLoS One. 2012;7:e51148.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2459_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.09.049","volume":"226","author":"S Haj Kheder","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haj Kheder S, Heller J, Bar JK, Wutzler A, Menge BA, Juckel G. Autonomic dysfunction of gastric motility in major depression. J Affect Disord. 2018;226:196\u2013202.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2459_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi6087","volume":"374","author":"G Agirman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agirman G, Yu KB, Hsiao EY. Signaling inflammation across the gut-brain axis. Science. 2021;374:1087\u201392.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2459_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-030320-095722","volume":"16","author":"RM Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones RM, Neish AS. Gut microbiota in intestinal and liver disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 2021;16:251\u201375.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-023-02459-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-023-02459-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-023-02459-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T11:03:12Z","timestamp":1683198192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-023-02459-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-023-02459-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2165303\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"146"}}