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It is a common symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and more severe rumination is associated with poorer medication and psychotherapy treatment outcomes, particularly among women. It is unclear to what extent rumination may influence the outcomes of, or be responsive to, repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) treatment of MDD. We retrospectively examined data collected during rTMS treatment of 155 patients (age 42.52\u2009\u00b1\u200914.22, 79 female) with moderately severe treatment-resistant MDD. The severity of rumination and depression was assessed before and during a course of 30 sessions of measurement-based rTMS treatment using the Ruminative Responses Scale (RSS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. Relationships among baseline levels of rumination, depression, and treatment outcome were assessed using a series of repeated measures linear mixed effects models. Both depression and rumination symptoms significantly improved after treatment, but improvement in depression was not a significant mediator of rumination improvement. Higher baseline rumination (but not depression severity) was associated with poorer depression outcomes independently of depression severity. Female gender was a significant predictor of worse outcomes for all RRS subscales. Both depressive and ruminative symptoms in MDD improved following rTMS treatment. These improvements were correlated, but improvement in rumination was not fully explained by reduction in depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that while improvement in rumination and depression severity during rTMS treatment are correlated, they are partly independent processes. Future studies should examine whether rumination symptoms should be specifically targeted with different rTMS treatment parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02566-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T08:02:47Z","timestamp":1694160167000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Rumination symptoms in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, and outcomes of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) treatment"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5749-2139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4665-6721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Tadayonnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Corlier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cole","family":"Citrenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Leuchter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2566_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.61.1.115","volume":"61","author":"S Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nolen-Hoeksema S, Morrow J. 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