{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:15:05Z","timestamp":1787800505966,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>It remains inconclusive whether postpartum depression (PPD) and depression with onset outside the postpartum period (MDD) are genetically distinct disorders. We aimed to investigate whether polygenic risk scores (PGSs) for major mental disorders differ between PPD cases and MDD cases in a nested case-control study of 50,057 women born from 1981 to 1997 in the iPSYCH2015 sample in Demark. We identified 333 women with first-onset postpartum depression (PPD group), who were matched with 993 women with first-onset depression diagnosed outside of postpartum (MDD group), and 999 female population controls. Data on genetics and depressive disorders were retrieved from neonatal biobanks and the Psychiatric Central Research Register. PGSs were calculated from both individual-level genetic data and meta-analysis summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR), accounting for the selection-related reproductive behavior. After adjustment for covariates, higher PGSs for severe mental disorders were associated with increased ORs of both PPD and MDD. Compared with MDD cases, MDD PGS and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder PGS were marginally but not statistically higher for PPD cases, with the OR of PPD versus MDD being 1.12 (95% CI: 0 .97\u20131.29) and 1.11 (0.97\u20131.27) per-standard deviation increase, respectively. The ORs of PPD versus MDD did not statistically differ by PGSs of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or autism spectrum disorder. Our findings suggest that relying on PGS data, there was no clear evidence of distinct genetic make-up of women with depression occurring during or outside postpartum, after taking the selection-related reproductive behavior into account.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02649-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T04:09:21Z","timestamp":1699848561000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Postpartum and non-postpartum depression: a population-based matched case-control study comparing polygenic risk scores for severe mental disorders"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Trine","family":"Munk-Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Di Florio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrine B.","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3166-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Albi\u00f1ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merete L.","family":"M\u00e6gb\u00e6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Bergink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9321-2365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vibe G.","family":"Fr\u00f8kj\u00e6r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esben","family":"Agerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2277-9249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bjarni J.","family":"Vilhj\u00e1lmsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1829-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Werge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merete","family":"Nordentoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5928-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Hougaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8627-7219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders D.","family":"B\u00f8rglum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Mors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5230-9865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preben Bo","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4519-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2649_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61276-9","volume":"384","author":"LM Howard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J. Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period. Lancet 2014;384:1775\u201388.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2649_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0617-6","volume":"17","author":"A Di Florio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Di Florio A, Meltzer-Brody S. Is postpartum depression a distinct disorder? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17:76.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"2649_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","volume":"392","author":"GS Malhi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malhi GS, Mann JJ. Depression. Lancet 2018;392:2299\u2013312.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2649_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18022","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.22","volume":"4","author":"S Meltzer-Brody","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meltzer-Brody S, Howard LM, Bergink V, Vigod S, Jones I, Munk-Olsen T, et al. Postpartum psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2018;4:18022.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"key":"2649_CR5","first-page":"106","volume":"18","author":"MM Batt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Batt MM, Duffy KA, Novick AM, Metcalf CA, Epperson CN. Is postpartum depression different from depression occurring outside of the perinatal period? A review of the evidence. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2020;18:106\u201319.","journal-title":"Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ)"},{"key":"2649_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15010085","volume":"173","author":"A Viktorin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Viktorin A, Meltzer-Brody S, Kuja-Halkola R, Sullivan PF, Landen M, Lichtenstein P, et al. Heritability of perinatal depression and genetic overlap with nonperinatal depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:158\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2649_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01413-6","volume":"27","author":"TD Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen TD, Harder A, Xiong Y, Kowalec K, H\u00e4gg S, Cai N, et al. Genetic heterogeneity and subtypes of major depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:1667\u201375.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2649_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0090-3","volume":"50","author":"NR Wray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wray NR, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Abdellaoui A, et al. Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nat Genet. 2018;50:668\u201381.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2649_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3049","volume":"78","author":"NR Wray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wray NR, Lin T, Austin J, McGrath JJ, Hickie IB, Murray GK, et al. From basic science to clinical application of polygenic risk scores: a primer. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:101\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2649_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-014-0428-5","volume":"17","author":"EM Byrne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Byrne EM, Carrillo-Roa T, Penninx BW, Sallis HM, Viktorin A, Chapman B, et al. Applying polygenic risk scores to postpartum depression. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2014;17:519\u201328.","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"2649_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0629-9","volume":"9","author":"AE Bauer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bauer AE, Liu X, Byrne EM, Sullivan PF, Wray NR, Agerbo E, et al. Genetic risk scores for major psychiatric disorders and the risk of postpartum psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9:288.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2649_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23066","volume":"37","author":"V Rantalainen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rantalainen V, Binder EB, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Czamara D, Laivuori H, Villa PM, et al. Polygenic prediction of the risk of perinatal depressive symptoms. Depress Anxiety. 2020;37:862\u201375.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"2649_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00253-4","volume":"8","author":"A Di Florio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Di Florio A, Mei Kay Yang J, Crawford K, Bergink V, Leonenko G, Pardi\u00f1as AF, et al. Post-partum psychosis and its association with bipolar disorder in the UK: a case-control study using polygenic risk scores. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8:1045\u201352.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2649_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23232","volume":"39","author":"J Kiewa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kiewa J, Meltzer-Brody S, Milgrom J, Guintivano J, Hickie IB, Whiteman DC, et al. Perinatal depression is associated with a higher polygenic risk for major depressive disorder than non-perinatal depression. Depress Anxiety. 2022;39:182\u201391.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"2649_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3658","volume":"76","author":"O Plana-Ripoll","year":"2019","unstructured":"Plana-Ripoll O, Pedersen CB, Holtz Y, Benros ME, Dalsgaard S, de Jonge P, et al. Exploring comorbidity within mental disorders among a Danish National Population. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76:259\u201370.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2649_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.020","volume":"179","author":"Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Electronic address pmhe, cross-disorder group of the psychiatric genomics c. genomic relationships, novel loci, and pleiotropic mechanisms across eight psychiatric disorders. Cell. 2019;179:1469\u201382.e1411.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2649_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20480","volume":"17","author":"CM Middeldorp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Middeldorp CM, Wray NR. The value of polygenic analyses in psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2018;17:26\u201328.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2649_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965","volume":"39","author":"CB Pedersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedersen CB. The Danish civil registration system. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39:22\u201325.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2649_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.196","volume":"23","author":"CB Pedersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pedersen CB, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Pedersen MG, Grove J, Agerbo E, Baekvad-Hansen M, et al. The iPSYCH2012 case-cohort sample: new directions for unravelling genetic and environmental architectures of severe mental disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23:6\u201314.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2649_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810395825","volume":"39","author":"O Mors","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mors O, Perto GP, Mortensen PB. The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39:54\u201357.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2649_CR21","unstructured":"Bybjerg-Grauholm J, B\u00f8cker Pedersen C, B\u00e6kvad-Hansen M, Gi\u00f8rtz Pedersen M, Adamsen D, S\u00f8holm Hansen C, et al. The iPSYCH2015 Case-Cohort sample: updated directions for unravelling genetic and environmental architectures of severe mental disorders. medRxiv. https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.11.30.20237768v1."},{"key":"2649_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-007-0631-x","volume":"30","author":"B Norgaard-Pedersen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Norgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM. Storage policies and use of the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2007;30:530\u20136.","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"2649_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0356-1","volume":"33","author":"M Bliddal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bliddal M, Broe A, Potteg\u00e5rd A, Olsen J, Langhoff-Roos J. The Danish medical birth register. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33:27\u201336.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2649_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-12-58","volume":"12","author":"MV Hollegaard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hollegaard MV, Grove J, Grauholm J, Kreiner-Moller E, Bonnelykke K, Norgaard M, et al. Robustness of genome-wide scanning using archived dried blood spot samples as a DNA source. BMC Genet. 2011;12:58.","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"key":"2649_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09534","volume":"467","author":"GR Abecasis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abecasis GR, Altshuler D, Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Gibbs RA, et al. A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing. Nature 2010;467:1061\u201373.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2649_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam M, Awasthi S, Watson HJ, Goldstein J, Panagiotaropoulou G, Trubetskoy V, et al. RICOPILI: rapid imputation for COnsortias PIpeLIne. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England). 2019;36:930\u201333.","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz633"},{"key":"2649_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0269-7","volume":"51","author":"D Demontis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Demontis D, Walters RK, Martin J, Mattheisen M, Als TD, Agerbo E, et al. Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Genet. 2019;51:63\u201375.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2649_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00857-4","volume":"53","author":"N Mullins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mullins N, Forstner AJ, O\u2019Connell KS, Coombes B, Coleman JRI, Qiao Z, et al. Genome-wide association study of more than 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology. Nat Genet. 2021;53:817\u201329.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2649_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13366","volume":"67","author":"R Eakley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eakley R, Lyndon A. Antidepressant use during pregnancy: knowledge, attitudes, and decision-making of patients and providers. J Midwifery Women\u2019s Health. 2022;67:332\u201353.","journal-title":"J Midwifery Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"2649_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0344-8","volume":"51","author":"J Grove","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grove J, Ripke S, Als TD, Mattheisen M, Walters RK, Won H, et al. Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder. Nat Genet. 2019;51:431\u201344.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2649_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5424","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa1029","volume":"36","author":"F Priv\u00e9","year":"2020","unstructured":"Priv\u00e9 F, Arbel J, Vilhj\u00e1lmsson BJ. LDpred2: better, faster, stronger. Bioinformatics 2020;36:5424\u201331.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2649_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2021.04.014","volume":"108","author":"C Albi\u00f1ana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Albi\u00f1ana C, Grove J, McGrath JJ, Agerbo E, Wray NR, Bulik CM, et al. Leveraging both individual-level genetic data and GWAS summary statistics increases polygenic prediction. Am J Hum Genet. 2021;108:1001\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2649_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3190","volume":"47","author":"P-R Loh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loh P-R, Tucker G, Bulik-Sullivan BK, Vilhj\u00e1lmsson BJ, Finucane HK, Salem RM, et al. Efficient Bayesian mixed-model analysis increases association power in large cohorts. Nat Genet. 2015;47:284\u201390.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2649_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0481-0","volume":"51","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watanabe K, Stringer S, Frei O, Umi\u0107evi\u0107 Mirkov M, de Leeuw C, Polderman TJC, et al. A global overview of pleiotropy and genetic architecture in complex traits. Nat Genet. 2019;51:1339\u201348.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2649_CR35","first-page":"4449","volume":"36","author":"F Priv\u00e9","year":"2020","unstructured":"Priv\u00e9 F, Luu K, Blum MGB, McGrath JJ, Vilhj\u00e1lmsson BJ. Efficient toolkit implementing best practices for principal component analysis of population genetic data. Bioinforma (Oxf, Engl). 2020;36:4449\u201357.","journal-title":"Bioinforma (Oxf, Engl)"},{"key":"2649_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48403-x","volume":"9","author":"G Ni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ni G, Amare AT, Zhou X, Mills N, Gratten J, Lee SH. The genetic relationship between female reproductive traits and six psychiatric disorders. Sci Rep. 2019;9:12041.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2649_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.21.2582","volume":"296","author":"T Munk-Olsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Mortensen PB. New parents and mental disorders. a population-based register study. JAMA 2006;296:2582\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2649_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0800800102","volume":"8","author":"R Harris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harris R, Bradburn M, Deeks J, Harbord R, Altman D, Sterne J. metan: fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis. Stata J 2008;8:3\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1536867X0800800102.","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"2649_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.11.031","volume":"322","author":"NM Molenaar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Molenaar NM, Maegbaek ML, Rommel AS, Ibroci E, Liu X, Munk-Olsen T, et al. The incidence of depressive episodes is different before, during, and after pregnancy: a population-based study. J Affect Disord. 2023;322:273\u20136.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2649_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31551-4","volume":"392","author":"S Meltzer-Brody","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meltzer-Brody S, Colquhoun H, Riesenberg R, Epperson CN, Deligiannidis KM, Rubinow DR, et al. Brexanolone injection in post-partum depression: two multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet 2018;392:1058\u201370.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2649_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e469","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16m10970","volume":"78","author":"X Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu X, Agerbo E, Li J, Meltzer-Brody S, Bergink V, Munk-Olsen T. Depression and anxiety in the postpartum period and risk of bipolar disorder: a Danish Nationwide Register-Based Cohort Study. J Clin psychiatry. 2017;78:e469\u2013e476.","journal-title":"J Clin psychiatry"},{"key":"2649_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3365","volume":"73","author":"KL Musliner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Musliner KL, Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Eaton WW, Zandi PP, Mortensen PB. Heterogeneity in 10-year course trajectories of moderate to severe major depressive disorder: a danish national register-based study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73:346\u201353.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2649_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.157","volume":"69","author":"T Munk-Olsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Meltzer-Brody S, Mortensen PB, Jones I. Psychiatric disorders with postpartum onset: possible early manifestations of bipolar affective disorders. Arch Gen psychiatry. 2012;69:428\u201334.","journal-title":"Arch Gen psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-023-02649-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-023-02649-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-023-02649-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T04:09:43Z","timestamp":1699848583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-023-02649-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-023-02649-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 November 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"346"}}