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Due to its long duration and recurrent nature, unimodal neuroimaging tools such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG) have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of PTSD for early intervention. However, as compared with an unimodal approach, a multimodal imaging approach can better capture integrated neural mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of PTSD, including predisposing factors, changes in neural activity, and physiological mechanisms of symptoms. Moreover, a multimodal neuroimaging approach can aid the diagnosis and treatment of PTSD, facilitate searching for biomarkers at different stages of PTSD, and explore biomarkers for symptomatic improvement. However, at present, the majority of PTSD studies remain unimodal, while the combination of multimodal brain imaging data with machine learning will become an important direction for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03416-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T10:04:00Z","timestamp":1750413840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The value of multimodal neuroimaging in the diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hanyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yining","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiying","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueru","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-0147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8420-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongru","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3416_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svenaeus F. 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