{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:29:27Z","timestamp":1790738967775,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Stress- and alcohol cues trigger alcohol craving and alcohol consumption in alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, their interactions on a physiological and psychological level and their effects on daily alcohol craving and alcohol use in real-life situations are not understood yet. We conducted a randomized-controlled experimental study to compare the effects of psychosocial stress against physical stress and a control intervention, each followed by an alcohol cue-exposure, on alcohol craving, subjective stress and saliva cortisol levels (main outcomes) in <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009121 individuals with AUD and collected data on daily alcohol use and craving during a 1-year ambulatory assessment phase. We applied linear mixed models to compare the effects of experimental interventions on the main outcomes and the relative contributions of the observed changes on the main outcomes to predicting stress and alcohol craving during the experiment and alcohol use and craving during the ambulatory assessment phase. Sequential exposure to psychosocial stress and alcohol cues induced higher cortisol levels (F<jats:sub>(10,580)<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200910.819, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), subjective stress (F<jats:sub>(2,117)<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200910.520, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and alcohol craving (F<jats:sub>(6,348)<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20094.313, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to the exposure to physical stress and the control condition. Subjective stress reactivity was the most influential predictor of craving during the experiment (F<jats:sub>(1,92)<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20099.43, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) and during the ambulatory phase (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.16, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.039) while cortisol levels predicted alcohol consumption in real-life settings (\u03b2\u2009=\u20099.76, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043). Our results highlight the impact of psychosocial stress on cue-induced craving and subjective and neuroendocrine stress responses and demonstrate links between subjective and neuroendocrine stress-reactivity and alcohol craving and alcohol use in real-life settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03447-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T14:03:39Z","timestamp":1751551419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Individual stress reactivity predicts alcohol craving and alcohol consumption in alcohol use disorder in experimental and real-life settings"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2863-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Zaiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Gessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Deck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina Kim","family":"Bekier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Radler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Langej\u00fcrgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6086-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6210-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Vollst\u00e4dt-Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Stallkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Kirschbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5962-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"3447_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000176356.97620.84","volume":"29","author":"B Adinoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Adinoff B, Junghanns K, Kiefer F, Krishnan-Sarin S. Suppression of the HPA axis stress-response: implications for relapse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29:1351\u20135.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3447_CR2","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","author":"GF Koob","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koob GF. Neurocircuitry of alcohol addiction. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 125. Elsevier; 2014. p. 33\u201354."},{"key":"3447_CR3","first-page":"8","volume":"23","author":"DJ Rohsenow","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rohsenow DJ. Does urge to drink predict relapse after treatment? Alcohol Res Health. 1999;23:8.","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"3447_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100917","volume":"158","author":"R Sinha","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sinha R. How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse? Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001;158:343\u201359.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"3447_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00134.x","volume":"14","author":"R Sinha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sinha R. Modeling stress and drug craving in the laboratory: implications for addiction treatment development: Modeling stress and drug craving. Addiction Biol. 2009;14:84\u201398.","journal-title":"Addiction Biol"},{"key":"3447_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(74)90094-1","volume":"12","author":"PM Miller","year":"1974","unstructured":"Miller PM, Hersen M, Eisler RM, Hilsman G. Effects of social stress on operant drinking of alcoholics and social drinkers. Behav Res Ther. 1974;12:67\u201372.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"3447_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.78","volume":"34","author":"R Sinha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sinha R, Fox HC, Hong KA, Bergquist K, Bhagwagar Z, Siedlarz KM. Enhanced negative emotion and alcohol craving, and altered physiological responses following stress and cue exposure in alcohol dependent individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34:1198\u2013208.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3447_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","volume":"28","author":"C Kirschbaum","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kirschbaum C, Pirke K-M, Hellhammer DH. The \u201cTrier Social Stress Test\u201d - a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology. 1993;28:76\u201381.","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"3447_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agu101","volume":"50","author":"SA Magrys","year":"2015","unstructured":"Magrys SA, Olmstead MC. Acute stress increases voluntary consumption of alcohol in undergraduates. Alcohol Alcohol. 2015;50:213\u20138.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"3447_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12511","volume":"23","author":"ME McCaul","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCaul ME, Wand GS, Weerts EM, Xu X. A paradigm for examining stress effects on alcohol-motivated behaviors in participants with alcohol use disorder: Alcohol-motivated behaviors paradigm. Addiction Biol. 2018;23:836\u201345.","journal-title":"Addiction Biol"},{"key":"3447_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005","volume":"38","author":"AP Allen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allen AP, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G. Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: focus on the Trier Social Stress Test. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;38:94\u2013124.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3447_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.05.012","volume":"37","author":"J Hellhammer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hellhammer J, Schubert M. The physiological response to Trier Social Stress Test relates to subjective measures of stress during but not before or after the test. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37:119\u201324.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3447_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2019.100148","volume":"10","author":"SE Wemm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wemm SE, Sinha R. Drug-induced stress responses and addiction risk and relapse. Neurobiol Stress. 2019;10:100148 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynstr.2019.100148.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"3447_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0439-5","volume":"113","author":"MS Reid","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reid MS, Flammino F, Starosta A, Palamar J, Franck J. Physiological and subjective responding to alcohol cue exposure in alcoholics and control subjects: evidence for appetitive responding. J Neural Transm. 2006;113:1519\u201335.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"3447_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.06.031","volume":"128","author":"J Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng J, Yu S, Cao H, Su Y, Dong Z, Yang X. Neurobiological correlates of cue-reactivity in alcohol-use disorders: a voxel-wise meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;128:294\u2013310.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3447_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.12.004","volume":"36","author":"Y Yalachkov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yalachkov Y, Kaiser J, Naumer MJ. Functional neuroimaging studies in addiction: multisensory drug stimuli and neural cue reactivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36:825\u201335.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3447_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12150","volume":"20","author":"LE Kwako","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kwako LE, Schwandt ML, Sells JR, Ramchandani VA, Hommer DW, George DT, et al. Methods for inducing alcohol craving in individuals with co-morbid alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder: behavioral and physiological outcomes: methods for inducing craving. Addiction Biol. 2015;20:733\u201346.","journal-title":"Addiction Biol"},{"key":"3447_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02204-5","volume":"12","author":"A-K Kexel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kexel A-K, Kluwe-Schiavon B, Baumgartner MR, Engeli EJE, Visentini M, Kirschbaum C, et al. Cue-induced cocaine craving enhances psychosocial stress and vice versa in chronic cocaine users. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12:443.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3447_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12866.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12866","volume":"25","author":"A Heinz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heinz A, Kiefer F, Smolka MN, Endrass T, Beste C, Beck A, et al. Addiction Research Consortium: Losing and regaining control over drug intake (ReCoDe)\u2014From trajectories to mechanisms and interventions. Addiction Biol. 2020;25:e12866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.12866.","journal-title":"Addiction Biol"},{"key":"3447_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association, others (2013): Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5e \u00e9d.). Washington, DC, \u00c9. U: Auteur.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"3447_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.08.024","volume":"95","author":"P Bach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bach P, Zaiser J, Zimmermann S, Gessner T, Hoffmann S, Gerhardt S, et al. Stress-induced sensitization of insula activation predicts alcohol craving and alcohol use in alcohol use disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2023;95:245\u201355.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3447_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105342","volume":"132","author":"A-K Kexel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kexel A-K, Kluwe-Schiavon B, Visentini M, Soravia LM, Kirschbaum C, Quednow BB. Stability and test-retest reliability of different hormonal stress markers upon exposure to psychosocial stress at a 4-month interval. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021;132:105342.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3447_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.032","volume":"107","author":"I Labuschagne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Labuschagne I, Grace C, Rendell P, Terrett G, Heinrichs M. An introductory guide to conducting the Trier Social Stress Test. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;107:686\u201395.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3447_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.02.008","volume":"34","author":"S Het","year":"2009","unstructured":"Het S, Rohleder N, Schoofs D, Kirschbaum C, Wolf OT. Neuroendocrine and psychometric evaluation of a placebo version of the \u2018Trier Social Stress Test. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34:1075\u201386.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3447_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2012.11.003","volume":"14","author":"S Klaperski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klaperski S, Von Dawans B, Heinrichs M, Fuchs R. Does the level of physical exercise affect physiological and psychological responses to psychosocial stress in women? Psychol Sport Exerc. 2013;14:266\u201374.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"3447_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00919.x","volume":"99","author":"M Ussher","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ussher M, Sampuran AK, Doshi R, West R, Drummond DC. Acute effect of a brief bout of exercise on alcohol urges. Addiction. 2004;99:1542\u20137.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"3447_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110728","volume":"9","author":"D Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang D, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li R, Zhou C. Impact of physical exercise on substance use disorders: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e110728.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3447_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/901741","volume":"2012","author":"E Zschucke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zschucke E, Heinz A, Str\u00f6hle A. Exercise and physical activity in the therapy of substance use disorders. Sci World J. 2012;2012:1\u201319.","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"3447_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01054-8","volume":"37","author":"H Tanaka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:153\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3447_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.70252\/UWVU7108","volume":"8","author":"S ROY","year":"2015","unstructured":"ROY S, MCCRORY J. Validation of maximal heart rate prediction equations based on sex and physical activity status. Int J Exerc Sci. 2015;8:318\u201330.","journal-title":"Int J Exerc Sci"},{"key":"3447_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.96.2.122","volume":"96","author":"PM Monti","year":"1987","unstructured":"Monti PM, Binkoff JA, Zwick WR, Abrams DB, Nirenberg TD, Liepman MR. Reactivity of alcoholics and nonalcoholics to drinking cues. J Abnorm Psychol. 1987;96:122\u20136.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"3447_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01554.x","volume":"19","author":"MJ Bohn","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bohn MJ, Krahn DD, Staehler BA. Development and initial validation of a measure of drinking urges in abstinent alcoholics. Alcoholism, Clin Exp Res. 1995;19:600\u20136.","journal-title":"Alcoholism, Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3447_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaab J PASA - primary appraisal secondary appraisal. Verhaltenstherapie 114-5 2009.","DOI":"10.1159\/000223610"},{"key":"3447_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026","volume":"34","author":"DH Hellhammer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hellhammer DH, W\u00fcst S, Kudielka BM. Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34:163\u201371.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3447_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.09.013","volume":"38","author":"R Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller R, Plessow F. Transformation techniques for cross-sectional and longitudinal endocrine data: application to salivary cortisol concentrations. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;38:941\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3447_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.11.038","volume":"105","author":"W Schlotz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schlotz W. Investigating associations between momentary stress and cortisol in daily life: What have we learned so far? Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;105:105\u201316.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3447_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2003.08.009","volume":"29","author":"BM Kudielka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kudielka BM, Schommer NC, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. Acute HPA axis responses, heart rate, and mood changes to psychosocial stress (TSST) in humans at different times of day. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004;29:983\u201392.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3447_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2224641","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.24641","volume":"5","author":"F Deeken","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deeken F, Reichert M, Zech H, Wenzel J, Wedemeyer F, Aguilera A, et al. Patterns of alcohol consumption among individuals with alcohol use disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns in Germany. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2224641.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3447_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha R (2011): Modeling Relapse Situations in the Human Laboratory. In: Sommer WH, Spanagel R, editors. Behavioral Neurobiology of Alcohol Addiction, vol. 13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp 379\u2013402.","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2011_150"},{"key":"3447_CR40","first-page":"1101","volume":"82","author":"C Kirschbaum","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kirschbaum C, Bono EG, Rohleder N, Gessner C, Pirke KM, Salvador A, Hellhammer DH. Effects of fasting and glucose load on free cortisol responses to stress and nicotine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1101\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3447_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.007","volume":"59","author":"WR Lovallo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lovallo WR. Cortisol secretion patterns in addiction and addiction risk. Int J Psychophysiol. 2006;59:195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"3447_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.49","volume":"68","author":"R Sinha","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sinha R. Effects of adrenal sensitivity, stress- and cue-induced craving, and anxiety on subsequent alcohol relapse and treatment outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:942.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"3447_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0737","volume":"93","author":"E Badrick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Badrick E, Bobak M, Britton A, Kirschbaum C, Marmot M, Kumari M. The relationship between alcohol consumption and cortisol secretion in an aging cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:750\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3447_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2023.106051","volume":"150","author":"F Duplessis-Marcotte","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duplessis-Marcotte F, Lapointe R, Lupien SJ, Marin M-F. When asking \u2018are you stressed?\u2019 is not enough: Hair cortisol, subjective stress, and alcohol use during the first year of the pandemic. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2023;150:106051.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3447_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01522.x","volume":"35","author":"E Childs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Childs E, O\u2019Connor S, de Wit H. Bidirectional interactions between acute psychosocial stress and acute intravenous alcohol in healthy men: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STRESS AND ALCOHOL. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res. 2011;35:1794\u2013803.","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3447_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2023.100540","volume":"25","author":"S Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan S, Goldfarb EV, Lacadie C, Fogelman N, Seo D, Sinha R. Binge drinking is associated with higher cortisol and lower hippocampal and prefrontal gray matter volume: Prospective association with future alcohol intake. Neurobiol Stress. 2023;25:100540.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"3447_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e195","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e195","volume":"36","author":"J-H Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang J-H, Kweon S-S, Lee Y-H, Choi S-W, Ryu S-Y, Nam H-S, et al. Association between alcohol consumption and serum cortisol levels: a mendelian randomization study. J Korean Med Sci. 2021;36:e195.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"3447_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S229396","volume":"ume 13","author":"W Bani-Issa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bani-Issa W, Radwan H, Al Marzooq F, Al Awar S, Al-Shujairi AM, Samsudin AR, et al. Salivary cortisol, subjective stress and quality of sleep among female healthcare professionals. JMDH. 2020;ume 13:125\u201340.","journal-title":"JMDH"},{"key":"3447_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.12.010","volume":"37","author":"J Campbell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Campbell J, Ehlert U. Acute psychosocial stress: does the emotional stress response correspond with physiological responses? Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37:1111\u201334.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3447_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2023.106086","volume":"152","author":"J Planert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Planert J, Klucken T, Finke JB, Paulus PC, Fischer JE, Gao W, Stalder T. Associations between hair cortisol and subjective stress measures in a large occupational sample. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2023;152:106086.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3447_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.02.010","volume":"38","author":"J Andrews","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andrews J, Ali N, Pruessner JC. Reflections on the interaction of psychogenic stress systems in humans: the stress coherence\/compensation model. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38:947\u201361.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3447_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000520","volume":"80","author":"M al\u2019Absi","year":"2018","unstructured":"al\u2019Absi M. Stress and addiction: when a robust stress response indicates resiliency. Psychosom Med. 2018;80:2\u201316.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"3447_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5027-0","volume":"235","author":"JM Clay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clay JM, Parker MO. The role of stress-reactivity, stress-recovery and risky decision-making in psychosocial stress-induced alcohol consumption in social drinkers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235:3243\u201357.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"3447_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.110","volume":"35","author":"GF Koob","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:217\u201338.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3447_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107569","volume":"204","author":"SE Wemm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wemm SE, Larkin C, Hermes G, Tennen H, Sinha R. A day-by-day prospective analysis of stress, craving and risk of next day alcohol intake during alcohol use disorder treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;204:107569.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"3447_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01363.x","volume":"35","author":"SE Thomas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thomas SE, Randall PK, Brady K, See RE, Drobes DJ. An acute psychosocial stressor does not potentiate alcohol cue reactivity in non-treatment-seeking alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35:464\u201373.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3447_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2018.1528265","volume":"45","author":"LA Ray","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ray LA, Bujarski S, Grodin E, Hartwell E, Green R, Venegas A, et al. State-of-the-art behavioral and pharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2019;45:124\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"3447_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addicn.2023.100114","volume":"8","author":"N Dunne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dunne N, Ivers J-H. HPA axis function in alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction Neurosci. 2023;8:100114.","journal-title":"Addiction Neurosci"},{"key":"3447_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.01.037","volume":"122","author":"SK Blaine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blaine SK, Sinha R. Alcohol, stress, and glucocorticoids: from risk to dependence and relapse in alcohol use disorders. Neuropharmacology. 2017;122:136\u201347.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"3447_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01670-3","volume":"82","author":"EM Burnette","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burnette EM, Nieto SJ, Grodin EN, Meredith LR, Hurley B, Miotto K, et al. Novel agents for the pharmacological treatment of alcohol use disorder. Drugs. 2022;82:251\u201374.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"3447_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.06.023","volume":"213","author":"A Subramaniam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Subramaniam A, LoPilato A, Walker EF. Psychotropic medication effects on cortisol: Implications for research and mechanisms of drug action. Schizophrenia Res. 2019;213:6\u201314.","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Res"},{"key":"3447_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.11.007","volume":"185","author":"M Akbar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akbar M, Egli M, Cho Y-E, Song B-J, Noronha A. Medications for alcohol use disorders: an overview. Pharmacol Ther. 2018;185:64\u201385.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"3447_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17058","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605053103","volume":"103","author":"EK Adam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adam EK, Hawkley LC, Kudielka BM, Cacioppo JT. Day-to-day dynamics of experience\u2013cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:17058\u201363.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"3447_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agp060","volume":"44","author":"HC Fox","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fox HC, Hong K-IA, Siedlarz KM, Bergquist K, Anderson G, Kreek MJ, Sinha R. Sex-specific dissociations in autonomic and HPA responses to stress and cues in alcohol-dependent patients with cocaine abuse. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009;44:575\u201385.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"3447_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.10.004","volume":"34","author":"BM Kudielka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kudielka BM, Hellhammer DH, W\u00fcst S. Why do we respond so differently? Reviewing determinants of human salivary cortisol responses to challenge. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34:2\u201318.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3447_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23851","volume":"95","author":"AE Reschke-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reschke-Hern\u00e1ndez AE, Okerstrom KL, Bowles Edwards A, Tranel D. Sex and stress: Men and women show different cortisol responses to psychological stress induced by the Trier social stress test and the Iowa singing social stress test: Sex and the Trier and Iowa Singing Social Stress Tests. J Neurosci Res. 2017;95:106\u201314.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03447-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03447-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03447-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T14:42:29Z","timestamp":1751553749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03447-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-025-03447-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Judith Zaiser, Sabine Hoffmann, Sina Zimmermann, Tatjana Gessner, Milena Deck, Nina Kim Bekier, Martin Abel, Philipp Radler, Jens Langej\u00fcrgen, Bernd Lenz, Sabine Vollst\u00e4dt-Klein, Jan Stallkamp, Clemens Kirschbaum, Falk Kiefer and Patrick Bach reported no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"226"}}