{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T09:58:59Z","timestamp":1794045539696,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MH126130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MH126130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DA058808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DA058808"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA050721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA050721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA050721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA050721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03454-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T16:59:19Z","timestamp":1751734759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Genetic, psychological, and environmental factors are uniquely associated with onset of alcohol use in the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9918-4901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maia","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fazil","family":"Aliev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9321-657X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter B.","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6192-1001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally I.","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5504-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4303-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Brislin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3454_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30231-2","volume":"5","author":"K Shield","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shield K, Manthey J, Rylett M, Probst C, Wettlaufer A, Parry CDH, et al. National, regional, and global burdens of disease from 2000 to 2016 attributable to alcohol use: a comparative risk assessment study. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5:e51\u2013e61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30231-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"3454_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(01)00096-7","volume":"13","author":"BF Grant","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grant BF, Stinson FS, Harford TC. Age at onset of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: a 12-year follow-up. J Subst Abuse. 2001;13:493\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0899-3289(01)00096-7.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse"},{"key":"3454_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.07.001","volume":"26","author":"W Liang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liang W, Chikritzhs T. Age at first use of alcohol predicts the risk of heavy alcohol use in early adulthood: a longitudinal study in the United States. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26:131\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"3454_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2014.989353","volume":"36","author":"CM Ohannessian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ohannessian CM, Finan LJ, Schulz J, Hesselbrock V. A long-term longitudinal examination of the effect of early onset of alcohol and drug use on later alcohol abuse. Subst Abus. 2015;36:440\u20134.","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"3454_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agt162","volume":"49","author":"M Peeters","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peeters M, Vollebergh WAM, Wiers RW, Field M. Psychological changes and cognitive impairments in adolescent heavy drinkers. Alcohol Alcohol. 2013;49:182\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/alcalc\/agt162.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"3454_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15121587","volume":"174","author":"LM Squeglia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Squeglia LM, Ball TM, Jacobus J, Brumback T, McKenna BS, Nguyen-Louie TT, et al. Neural predictors of initiating alcohol use during adolescence. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:172\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15121587.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3454_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101424","volume":"69","author":"TT Nguyen-Louie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen-Louie TT, Thompson WK, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A, Gonzalez C, Eberson-Shumate SC, et al. Multi-dimensional predictors of first drinking initiation and regular drinking onset in adolescence: a prospective longitudinal study. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024;69:101424 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101424.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3454_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.002","volume":"32","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Koob GF, Croyle RT, Bianchi DW, Gordon JA, Koroshetz WJ, et al. The conception of the ABCD study: from substance use to a broad NIH collaboration. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018;32:4\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.002.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3454_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18040369","volume":"176","author":"S Sanchez-Roige","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanchez-Roige S, Palmer AA, Fontanillas P, Elson SL, Adams MJ, Howard DM, et al. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) in two population-based cohorts. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176:107\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18040369.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3454_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00908-3","volume":"24","author":"R Karlsson Linn\u00e9r","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karlsson Linn\u00e9r R, Mallard TT, Barr PB, Sanchez-Roige S, Madole JW, Driver MN, et al. Multivariate analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genetic associations with traits related to self-regulation and addiction. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24:1367\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-021-00908-3.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3454_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7","volume":"22","author":"DM Howard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard DM, Adams MJ, Clarke T-K, Hafferty JD, Gibson J, Shirali M, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:343\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3454_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719000667","volume":"49","author":"A Agrawal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agrawal A, Clarke T-K, Derks EM, Edenberg HJ, Edwards AC, Frank J, et al. Evidence of causal effect of major depression on alcohol dependence: findings from the psychiatric genomics consortium. Psychol Med. 2019;49:1218\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291719000667.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3454_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024519","volume":"25","author":"AM Hussong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hussong AM, Jones DJ, Stein GL, Baucom DH, Boeding S. An internalizing pathway to alcohol use and disorder. Psychol Addict Behav. 2011;25:390\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0024519.","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"3454_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi M, Poore H, Brislin S, Aliev F, Zellers S, Saunders G et al. Associations between a genetic liability toward behavioral undercontrol and externalizing outcomes spanning toddlerhood through early adulthood in ~17,000 individuals from five developmental cohorts. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.010"},{"key":"3454_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4038","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3206-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"AJ Holmes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holmes AJ, Hollinshead MO, Roffman JL, Smoller JW, Buckner RL. Individual differences in cognitive control circuit anatomy link sensation seeking, impulsivity, and substance use. J Neurosci. 2016;36:4038\u201349.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3454_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17040415","volume":"176","author":"S Mackey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mackey S, Allgaier N, Chaarani B, Spechler P, Orr C, Bunn J, et al. Mega-analysis of gray matter volume in substance dependence: general and substance-specific regional effects. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176:119\u201328.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3454_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17040469","volume":"175","author":"A Pfefferbaum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pfefferbaum A, Kwon D, Brumback T, Thompson WK, Cummins K, Tapert SF, et al. Altered brain developmental trajectories in adolescents after initiating drinking. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175:370\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3454_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13923","volume":"112","author":"RE Thayer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thayer RE, YorkWilliams S, Karoly HC, Sabbineni A, Ewing SF, Bryan AD, et al. Structural neuroimaging correlates of alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents and adults. Addiction. 2017;112:2144\u201354.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"3454_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.034","volume":"66","author":"X Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang X, Tian F, Zhang H, Zeng J, Chen T, Wang S, et al. Cortical and subcortical gray matter shrinkage in alcohol-use disorders: a voxel-based meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;66:92\u2013103.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3454_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miller AP, Baranger DAA, Paul SE, Garavan H, Mackey S, Tapert SF et al. Neuroanatomical variability associated with early substance use initiation: results from the ABCD study. medRxiv. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.03.06.24303876.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.06.24303876"},{"key":"3454_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.08.029","volume":"87","author":"DA Baranger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baranger DA, Demers CH, Elsayed NM, Knodt AR, Radtke SR, Desmarais A, et al. Convergent evidence for predispositional effects of brain gray matter volume on alcohol consumption. Biol Psychiatry. 2020;87:645\u201355.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3454_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.110","volume":"35","author":"GF Koob","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:217\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2009.110.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3454_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.05.022","volume":"59","author":"JR Swartz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swartz JR, Weissman DG, Ferrer E, Beard SJ, Fassbender C, Robins RW, et al. Reward-related brain activity prospectively predicts increases in alcohol use in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59:391\u2013400.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3454_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.003","volume":"194","author":"LM Cope","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cope LM, Martz ME, Hardee JE, Zucker RA, Heitzeg MM. Reward activation in childhood predicts adolescent substance use initiation in a high-risk sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;194:318\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.003.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"3454_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12131","volume":"37","author":"A Coskunpinar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coskunpinar A, Dir AL, Cyders MA. Multidimensionality in impulsivity and alcohol use: a meta\u2010analysis using the UPPS model of impulsivity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37:1441\u201350.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3454_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.03.003","volume":"33","author":"K Stautz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stautz K, Cooper A. Impulsivity-related personality traits and adolescent alcohol use: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33:574\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3454_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000832","volume":"132","author":"MM Owens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Owens MM, Hyatt CS, Xu H, Thompson MF, Miller JD, Lynam DR, et al. Test\u2013retest reliability of the neuroanatomical correlates of impulsive personality traits in the adolescent brain cognitive development study. J Psychopathol Clin Sci. 2023;132:779.","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Clin Sci"},{"key":"3454_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.06.004","volume":"115","author":"N Jackson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jackson N, Denny S, Ameratunga S. Social and socio-demographic neighborhood effects on adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of multi-level studies. Soc Sci Med. 2014;115:10\u201320.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"3454_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000081","volume":"29","author":"RA Shih","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shih RA, Mullins L, Ewing BA, Miyashiro L, Tucker JS, Pedersen ER, et al. Associations between neighborhood alcohol availability and young adolescent alcohol use. Psychol Addict Behav. 2015;29:950.","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"3454_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579414000042","volume":"26","author":"EM Trucco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trucco EM, Colder CR, Wieczorek WF, Lengua LJ, Hawk LW. Early adolescent alcohol use in context: how neighborhoods, parents, and peers impact youth. Dev Psychopathol. 2014;26:425\u201336.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"3454_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2010.03.013","volume":"19","author":"JL Meyers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meyers JL, Dick DM. Genetic and environmental risk factors for adolescent-onset substance use disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2010;19:465\u201377.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"3454_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13827","volume":"42","author":"J Su","year":"2018","unstructured":"Su J, Kuo SI-C, Aliev F, Guy MC, Derlan CL, Edenberg HJ, et al. Influence of parental alcohol dependence symptoms and parenting on adolescent risky drinking and conduct problems: a family systems perspective. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018;42:1783\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.13827.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3454_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00583.x","volume":"32","author":"SJ Latendresse","year":"2008","unstructured":"Latendresse SJ, Rose RJ, Viken RJ, Pulkkinen L, Kaprio J, Dick DM. Parenting mechanisms in links between parents\u2019 and adolescents\u2019 alcohol use behaviors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32:322\u201330.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3454_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109324","volume":"232","author":"B Duko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duko B, Pereira G, Tait RJ, Bedaso A, Newnham J, Betts K, et al. Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring subsequent alcohol use: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022;232:109324 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109324.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"3454_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-024-00281-7","volume":"2","author":"DAA Baranger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baranger DAA, Miller AP, Gorelik AJ, Paul SE, Hatoum AS, Johnson EC, et al. Prenatal cannabis exposure, the brain, and psychopathology during early adolescence. Nature Mental Health. 2024;2:975\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44220-024-00281-7.","journal-title":"Nature Mental Health"},{"key":"3454_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0001265","volume":"42","author":"MR Gonzalez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gonzalez MR, Uban KA, Tapert SF, Sowell ER. Prenatal tobacco exposure associations with physical health and neurodevelopment in the ABCD cohort. Health Psychol. 2023;42:856\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/hea0001265.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"3454_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.2902","volume":"78","author":"SE Paul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paul SE, Hatoum AS, Fine JD, Johnson EC, Hansen I, Karcher NR, et al. Associations between prenatal cannabis exposure and childhood outcomes: results from the ABCD study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:64\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.2902.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3454_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108187","volume":"214","author":"B Lees","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lees B, Mewton L, Stapinski LA, Teesson M, Squeglia LM. Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with preadolescent alcohol sipping in the ABCD study\u00ae. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;214:108187 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108187.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"3454_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.1.213","volume":"116","author":"DM Dick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dick DM, Viken R, Purcell S, Kaprio J, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ. Parental monitoring moderates the importance of genetic and environmental influences on adolescent smoking. J Abnorm Psychol. 2007;116:213.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"3454_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230882","volume":"181","author":"R Green","year":"2024","unstructured":"Green R, Wolf BJ, Chen A, Kirkland AE, Ferguson PL, Browning BD, et al. Predictors of substance use initiation by early adolescence. Am J Psychiatry. 2024;181:423\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230882.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3454_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0001019","volume":"36","author":"JH Bray","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bray JH, Gallegos MI, Cain MK, Zaring-Hinkle B. Parental monitoring, family conflict, and adolescent alcohol use: a longitudinal latent class analysis. J Fam Psychol. 2022;36:1154\u201360.","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"key":"3454_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106779","volume":"115","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Z, Buu A, Lohrmann DK, Shih PC, Lin H-C. The role of family conflict in mediating impulsivity to early substance exposure among preteens. Addict Behav. 2021;115:106779.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"3454_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2011.07.003","volume":"34","author":"Y Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhang W, Liu J, Arbeit MR, Schwartz SJ, Bowers EP, et al. The role of school engagement in preventing adolescent delinquency and substance use: a survival analysis. J Adolesc. 2011;34:1181\u201392.","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"3454_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02800.x","volume":"105","author":"KM Jackson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jackson KM. Progression through early drinking milestones in an adolescent treatment sample. Addiction. 2010;105:438\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02800.x.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"3454_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.010","volume":"32","author":"DM Barch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barch DM, Albaugh MD, Avenevoli S, Chang L, Clark DB, Glantz MD, et al. Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: rationale and description. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018;32:55\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.010.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3454_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-023-10143-0","volume":"53","author":"CC Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan CC, Loughnan R, Wilson S, Hewitt JK. Genotype data and derived genetic instruments of adolescent brain cognitive development study(\u00ae) for better understanding of human brain development. Behav Genet. 2023;53:159\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10519-023-10143-0.","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"3454_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.004","volume":"32","author":"H Garavan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garavan H, Bartsch H, Conway K, Decastro A, Goldstein RZ, Heeringa S, et al. Recruiting the ABCD sample: design considerations and procedures. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018;32:16\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.004.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3454_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.001","volume":"32","author":"BJ Casey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Casey BJ, Cannonier T, Conley MI, Cohen AO, Barch DM, Heitzeg MM, et al. The adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study: imaging acquisition across 21 sites. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018;32:43\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.001.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3454_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116091","volume":"202","author":"DJ Hagler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hagler DJ, Hatton S, Cornejo MD, Makowski C, Fair DA, Dick AS, et al. Image processing and analysis methods for the adolescent brain cognitive development study. Neuroimage. 2019;202:116091 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116091.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"3454_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0307-5","volume":"51","author":"M Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu M, Jiang Y, Wedow R, Li Y, Brazel DM, Chen F, et al. Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use. Nat Genet. 2019;51:237\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-018-0307-5.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3454_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02171-x","volume":"12","author":"PB Barr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barr PB, Mallard TT, Sanchez-Roige S, Poore HE, Linn\u00e9r RK, Porjesz B, et al. Parsing genetically influenced risk pathways: genetic loci impact problematic alcohol use via externalizing and specific risk. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12:420 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-022-02171-x.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3454_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","volume":"31","author":"RS Desikan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Desikan RS, Segonne F, Fischl B, Quinn BT, Dickerson BC, Blacker D, et al. An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage. 2006;31:968\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"3454_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(02)00569-x","volume":"33","author":"B Fischl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fischl B, Salat DH, Busa E, Albert M, Dieterich M, Haselgrove C, et al. Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron. 2002;33:341\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0896-6273(02)00569-x.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3454_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24370","volume":"40","author":"Z Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao Z, Bennett M, Orr C, Icke I, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, et al. Mapping adolescent reward anticipation, receipt, and prediction error during the monetary incentive delay task. Hum Brain Mapp. 2019;40:262\u201383.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"3454_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24184","volume":"39","author":"S Oldham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oldham S, Murawski C, Fornito A, Youssef G, Y\u00fccel M, Lorenzetti V. The anticipation and outcome phases of reward and loss processing: a neuroimaging meta\u2010analysis of the monetary incentive delay task. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39:3398\u2013418.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"3454_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.07.083","volume":"122","author":"MH Silverman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silverman MH, Jedd K, Luciana M. Neural networks involved in adolescent reward processing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage. 2015;122:427\u201339.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"3454_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000791","volume":"32","author":"AL Watts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watts AL, Smith GT, Barch DM, Sher KJ. Factor structure, measurement and structural invariance, and external validity of an abbreviated youth version of the UPPS-P impulsive behavior scale. Psychol Assess. 2020;32:336\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000791.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"3454_CR58","volume-title":"Family environment scale manual: development, Applications, Research.","author":"RH Moos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moos RH, Moos BS. Family environment scale manual: development, Applications, Research. 3rd edn. Maind Garden: Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs and Stanford University Medical Centers; 2002.","edition":"3rd edn"},{"key":"3454_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsv039","volume":"41","author":"HC Karoly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karoly HC, Callahan T, Schmiege SJ, Ewing SW. Evaluating the hispanic paradox in the context of adolescent risky sexual behavior: the role of parent monitoring. J Pediatr Psychol. 2016;41:429\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsv039.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"3454_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00210","volume":"71","author":"H Stattin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stattin H, Kerr M. Parental monitoring: a reinterpretation. Child Dev. 2000;71:1072\u201385.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"3454_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431609338178","volume":"30","author":"GP Knight","year":"2010","unstructured":"Knight GP, Gonzales NA, Saenz DS, Bonds DD, German M, Deardorff J, et al. The mexican American cultural values scales for adolescents and adults. J Early Adolesc. 2010;30:444\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272431609338178.","journal-title":"J Early Adolesc"},{"key":"3454_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2007.01.009","volume":"30","author":"MW Arthur","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arthur MW, Briney JS, Hawkins JD, Abbott RD, Brooke-Weiss BL, Catalano RF. Measuring risk and protection in communities using the communities that care youth survey. Eval Program Plann. 2007;30:197\u2013211.","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann"},{"key":"3454_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.101030","volume":"52","author":"CC Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan CC, Marshall A, Smolker H, Gonzalez MR, Tapert SF, Barch DM, et al. Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study linked external data (LED): protocol and practices for geocoding and assignment of environmental data. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2021;52:101030.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3454_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01608-4","volume":"27","author":"C Cardenas-Iniguez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cardenas-Iniguez C, Gonzalez MR. Recommendations for the responsible use and communication of race and ethnicity in neuroimaging research. Nat Neurosci. 2024;27:615\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-024-01608-4.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3454_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.33.040406.131740","volume":"34","author":"D Pager","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pager D, Shepherd H. The sociology of discrimination: racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annu Rev Sociol. 2008;34:181\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.33.040406.131740.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"3454_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000642","volume":"76","author":"SO Roberts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roberts SO, Rizzo MT. The psychology of American racism. Am Psychol. 2021;76:475.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"3454_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101061","volume":"54","author":"GL Suarez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suarez GL, Burt SA, Gard AM, Burton J, Clark DA, Klump KL, et al. The impact of neighborhood disadvantage on amygdala reactivity: pathways through neighborhood social processes. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2022;54:101061 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101061.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3454_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09718-5","volume":"10","author":"T Ge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ge T, Chen C-Y, Ni Y, Feng Y-CA, Smoller JW. Polygenic prediction via bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3454_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","volume":"4","author":"CC Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang CC, Chow CC, Tellier LC, Vattikuti S, Purcell SM, Lee JJ. Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. Gigascience. 2015;4:7.","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"3454_CR70","first-page":"28","volume":"128","author":"TM Therneau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Therneau TM, Lumley T. Package \u2018survival\u2019. R Top Doc. 2015;128:28\u201333.","journal-title":"R Top Doc"},{"key":"3454_CR71","unstructured":"Therneau TM (2024). coxme: Mixed Effects Cox Models. R package version 2.2-22, https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=coxme."},{"key":"3454_CR72","first-page":"113","volume":"538","author":"B Ripley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ripley B, Venables B, Bates DM, Hornik K, Gebhardt A, Firth D, et al. Package \u2018mass\u2019. Cran R. 2013;538:113\u201320.","journal-title":"Cran R"},{"key":"3454_CR73","unstructured":"R Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. (2024); https:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"3454_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01801-6","volume":"27","author":"PB Barr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barr PB, Driver MN, Kuo SI-C, Stephenson M, Aliev F, Linn\u00e9r RK, et al. Clinical, environmental, and genetic risk factors for substance use disorders: characterizing combined effects across multiple cohorts. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:4633\u201341.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3454_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046848.56865.54","volume":"42","author":"CJ Hopfer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hopfer CJ, Crowley TJ, Hewitt JK. Review of twin and adoption studies of adolescent substance use. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:710\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3454_CR76","first-page":"222","volume":"28","author":"RJ Rose","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rose RJ, Dick DM. Gene\u2013environment interplay in adolescent drinking behavior. Alcohol Res Health. 2004;28:222.","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"3454_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2011.00207.x","volume":"5","author":"DM Dick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dick DM. Developmental changes in genetic influences on alcohol use and dependence. Child Dev Perspect. 2011;5:223\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2011.00207.x.","journal-title":"Child Dev Perspect"},{"key":"3454_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.007","volume":"70","author":"DM Dick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dick DM, Adkins AE, Kuo SIC. Genetic influences on adolescent behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;70:198\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.007.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3454_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26249","volume":"44","author":"J Zeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeng J, You L, Yang F, Luo Y, Yu S, Yan J, et al. A meta-analysis of the neural substrates of monetary reward anticipation and outcome in alcohol use disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2023;44:2841\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.26249.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"3454_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420000541","volume":"33","author":"AL Watts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watts AL, Wood PK, Jackson KM, Lisdahl KM, Heitzeg MM, Gonzalez R, et al. Incipient alcohol use in childhood: early alcohol sipping and its relations with psychopathology and personality. Dev Psychopathol. 2021;33:1338\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579420000541.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"3454_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108946","volume":"227","author":"KM Lisdahl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lisdahl KM, Tapert S, Sher KJ, Gonzalez R, Nixon SJ, Feldstein Ewing SW, et al. Substance use patterns in 9-10 year olds: baseline findings from the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;227:108946 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108946.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"3454_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00565.x","volume":"32","author":"JE Donovan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Donovan JE, Molina BSG. Children\u2019s introduction to alcohol use: sips and tastes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32:108\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00565.x.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03454-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03454-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03454-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T16:59:22Z","timestamp":1751734762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03454-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-025-03454-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures of the ABCD Study were approved by a central Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of California, San Diego, and as well as by an individual site IRB at Rutgers University (Pro2022001743). Parents of guardians provided written informed consent after the ABCD Study procedures had been fully explained and the children assented before participation. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Dr. Dick is a co-founder of Thrive Genetics, Inc, and a member of the advisory board of Seek Health Group, Inc. She owns stock in both companies. All other authors have reported no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"229"}}