{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T14:32:10Z","timestamp":1793716330502,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010434","name":"\"la Caixa\" Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LCF\/BQ\/DR21\/11880013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/BQ\/DR21\/11880013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021 SGR 00352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 00352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03536-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T17:58:13Z","timestamp":1755885493000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Reward-related neural activation during social media exposure in young women with non-suicidal self-injury: evidence for a continuum of severity in the reward network"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Stella","family":"Nicolaou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Juli\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8039-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Marco-Pallar\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5621-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"3536_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258","volume":"6","author":"MK Nock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nock MK. Self-Injury. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6:339\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"3536_CR2","unstructured":"Vega D, Sintes A, Fern\u00e1ndez M, Punt\u00ed J, Soler J, Santamarina P, et al. Revisi\u00f3n y actualizaci\u00f3n de la autolesi\u00f3n no suicida: \u00bfqui\u00e9n, c\u00f3mo y por qu\u00e9? TT - Review and update on non-suicidal self-injury: who, how and why? Actas esp Psiquiatr 2018;46:146\u2013155."},{"key":"3536_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.10.260","volume":"56","author":"B Dick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dick B, Ferguson BJ. Health for the world\u2019s adolescents: a second chance in the second decade. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56:3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.10.260.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"3536_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12070","volume":"44","author":"SV Swannell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Swannell SV, Martin GE, Page A, Hasking P, St John NJ. Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2014;44:273\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sltb.12070.","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"3536_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.12.028","volume":"236","author":"BA Ammerman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ammerman BA, Burke TA, Alloy LB, McCloskey MS. Subjective pain during NSSI as an active agent in suicide risk. Psychiatry Res. 2016;236:80\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.12.028.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3536_CR6","unstructured":"Joiner T Why people die suicide. 2005.."},{"key":"3536_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.09.010","volume":"52","author":"J Whitlock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Whitlock J, Muehlenkamp J, Eckenrode J, Purington A, Baral Abrams G, Barreira P, et al. Nonsuicidal self-injury as a gateway to suicide in young adults. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52:486\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.09.010.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"3536_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2014.910789","volume":"44","author":"AG Horwitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horwitz AG, Czyz EK, King CA. Predicting future suicide attempts among adolescent and emerging adult psychiatric emergency patients. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015;44:751\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2014.910789","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"3536_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030278","volume":"122","author":"E Klonsky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klonsky E, May AM, Glenn CR. The relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury and attempted suicide: Converging evidence from four samples. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122:231\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0030278.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"3536_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.05.003","volume":"32","author":"CA Hamza","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hamza CA, Stewart SL, Willoughby T. Examining the link between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: a review of the literature and an integrated model. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32:482\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.05.003.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3536_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30411-X","volume":"4","author":"I Kinchin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kinchin I, Doran CM, Hall WD, Meurk C. Understanding the true economic impact of self-harming behaviour. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:900\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30411-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"3536_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01121-8","volume":"404","author":"P Moran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moran P, Chandler A, Dudgeon P, Kirtley OJ, Knipe D, Pirkis J, et al. The Lancet Commission on self-harm. Lancet. 2024;404:1445\u201392.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3536_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.01.065","volume":"302","author":"I Mendez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mendez I, Sintes A, Pascual JC, Punt\u00ed J, Lara A, Briones-Buixassa L, et al. Borderline personality traits mediate the relationship between low perceived social support and non-suicidal self-injury in a clinical sample of adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2022;302:204\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2022.01.065.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3536_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.09.005","volume":"144","author":"BA Ammerman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ammerman BA, Sorgi KM, Fahlgren MK, Puhalla AA, McCloskey MS. An experimental examination of interpersonal problem-solving in nonsuicidal self-injury: a pilot study. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;144:146\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.09.005.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3536_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2016.07.001","volume":"48","author":"BJ Turner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Turner BJ, Wakefield MA, Gratz KL, Chapman AL. Characterizing interpersonal difficulties among young adults who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury using a daily diary. Behav Ther. 2017;48:366\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2016.07.001.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"3536_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.073","volume":"227","author":"PJ Taylor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taylor PJ, Jomar K, Dhingra K, Forrester R, Shahmalak U, Dickson JM. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of different functions of non-suicidal self-injury. J Affect Disord. 2018;227:759\u201369.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3536_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000456","volume":"12","author":"J Hepp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hepp J, Carpenter RW, Freeman LK, Vebares TJ, Trull TJ. The environmental, interpersonal, and affective context of nonsuicidal self-injury urges in daily life. Personal Disord: Theory, Research, Treat. 2021;12:29\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000456.","journal-title":"Personal Disord: Theory, Research, Treat"},{"key":"3536_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000141","volume":"125","author":"BJ Turner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turner BJ, Cobb RJ, Gratz KL, Chapman AL. The role of interpersonal conflict and perceived social support in nonsuicidal self-injury in daily life. J Abnorm Psychol. 2016;125:588\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000141.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"3536_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000104","volume":"6","author":"A Snir","year":"2015","unstructured":"Snir A, Rafaeli E, Gadassi R, Berenson K, Downey G. Explicit and inferred motives for nonsuicidal self-injurious acts and urges in borderline and avoidant personality disorders. Personal Disord: Theory, Research, Treat. 2015;6:267\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000104.","journal-title":"Personal Disord: Theory, Research, Treat"},{"key":"3536_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181722","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181722","volume":"12","author":"A Marchant","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marchant A, Hawton K, Stewart A, Montgomery P, Singaravelu V, Lloyd K, et al. A systematic review of the relationship between internet use, self-harm and suicidal behaviour in young people: The good, the bad and the unknown. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0181722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0181722.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3536_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.prcp.20190015","volume":"2","author":"JM Twenge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Twenge JM. Increases in depression, self\u2010harm, and suicide among U.S. adolescents after 2012 and links to technology use: Possible mechanisms. Psychiatr Res Clin Pract. 2020;2:19\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.prcp.20190015.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"3536_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.13055","volume":"32","author":"C Moss","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moss C, Wibberley C, Witham G. Assessing the impact of Instagram use and deliberate self-harm in adolescents: a scoping review. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2023;32:14\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/inm.13055.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"3536_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9960","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169960","volume":"19","author":"E Bozzola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bozzola E, Spina G, Agostiniani R, Barni S, Russo R, Scarpato E, et al. The use of social media in children and adolescents: scoping review on the potential risks. Int J Env Res Public Health. 2022;19:9960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19169960.","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"key":"3536_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Twenge JM, Martin GN, Spitzberg BH Trends in U.S. Adolescents\u2019 Media Use, 1976\u20132016: The Rise of Digital Media, the Decline of TV, and the (Near) Demise of Print. Psychol Pop Media Cult 2019;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ppm0000203.","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000203"},{"key":"3536_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23264","volume":"78","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu S, Lin MP, Lee YT, Wu JYW, Hu WH, You J. Internet addiction and nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescence: associations with offline and online social support. J Clin Psychol. 2022;78:971\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.23264.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"3536_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0944","volume":"169","author":"MP Hamm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hamm MP, Newton AS, Chisholm A, Shulhan J, Milne A, Sundar P, et al. Prevalence and effect of cyberbullying on children and young people: a scoping review of social media studies. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169:770\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0944.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"3536_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0020-0","volume":"43","author":"J Nesi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nesi J, Prinstein MJ. Using social media for social comparison and feedback-seeking: gender and popularity moderate associations with depressive symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2015;43:1427\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-015-0020-0.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"3536_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001751","volume":"48","author":"RC Brown","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brown RC, Fischer T, Goldwich AD, Keller F, Young R, Plener PL. #cutting: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) on Instagram. Psychol Med. 2018;48:337\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291717001751.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3536_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arendt F, Scherr S, Romer D Effects of exposure to self-harm on social media: Evidence from a two-wave panel study among young adults. N Media Soc 2019;21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444819850106.","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819850106"},{"key":"3536_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115991","volume":"338","author":"Z Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Z, Liao X, Yang J, Tian Y, Peng K, Liu X, et al. Association of screen-based activities and risk of self-harm and suicidal behaviors among young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychiatry Res. 2024;338:115991.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3536_CR31","volume":"16","author":"LG Sp\u00ednola","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sp\u00ednola LG, Calaboi\u00e7a C, Carvalho IP. The use of social networking sites and its association with non-suicidal self-injury among children and adolescents: a systematic review. J Affect Disord Rep. 2024;16:100781.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord Rep"},{"key":"3536_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46370-y","volume":"13","author":"AJ T\u00f8rmoen","year":"2023","unstructured":"T\u00f8rmoen AJ, Myhre M\u00d8, Kildahl AT, Walby FA, Rossow I. A nationwide study on time spent on social media and self-harm among adolescents. Sci Rep. 2023;13:19111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-46370-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3536_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852920001108","volume":"26","author":"RMA Shafi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shafi RMA, Nakonezny PA, Romanowicz M, Nandakumar AL, Suarez L, Croarkin PE. Suicidality and self-injurious behavior among adolescent social media users at psychiatric hospitalization. CNS Spectr. 2021;26:275\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1092852920001108.","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"3536_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-020-00734-4","volume":"49","author":"J Nesi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nesi J, Burke TA, Lawrence HR, MacPherson HA, Spirito A, Wolff JC. Online self-injury activities among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents: prevalence, functions, and perceived consequences. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2021;49:519\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-020-00734-4.","journal-title":"Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol"},{"key":"3536_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.106","volume":"274","author":"A Barthorpe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barthorpe A, Winstone L, Mars B, Moran P. Is social media screen time really associated with poor adolescent mental health? A time use diary study. J Affect Disord. 2020;274:864\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.106.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3536_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-021-00832-x","volume":"49","author":"C McAllister","year":"2021","unstructured":"McAllister C, Hisler GC, Blake AB, Twenge JM, Farley E, Hamilton JL. Associations between adolescent depression and self-harm behaviors and screen media use in a nationally representative time-diary study. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2021;49:1623\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-021-00832-x.","journal-title":"Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol"},{"key":"3536_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01906-9","volume":"56","author":"JM Twenge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Twenge JM, Farley E. Not all screen time is created equal: associations with mental health vary by activity and gender. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2021;56:207\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-020-01906-9.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"3536_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00439","volume":"7","author":"D Meshi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meshi D, Morawetz C, Heekeren HR. Nucleus accumbens response to gains in reputation for the self relative to gains for others predicts social media use. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00439.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"3536_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.09.004","volume":"19","author":"D Meshi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meshi D, Tamir DI, Heekeren HR. The emerging neuroscience of social media. Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19:771\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2015.09.004.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"3536_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsy051","volume":"13","author":"LE Sherman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sherman LE, Hernandez LM, Greenfield PM, Dapretto M. What the brain \u2018Likes\u2019: neural correlates of providing feedback on social media. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2018;13:699\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsy051.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"3536_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797616645673","volume":"27","author":"LE Sherman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sherman LE, Payton AA, Hernandez LM, Greenfield PM, Dapretto M. The power of the like in adolescence: effects of peer influence on neural and behavioral responses to social Media. Psychol Sci. 2016;27:1027\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797616645673.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"3536_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lewis RG, Florio E, Punzo D, Borrelli E The Brain\u2019s Reward System in Health and Disease. In: Adv Exp Med Biol 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-81147-1_4.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81147-1_4"},{"key":"3536_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.09.034","volume":"119","author":"M Pettorruso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pettorruso M, Zoratto F, Miuli A, De Risio L, Santorelli M, Pierotti A, et al. Exploring dopaminergic transmission in gambling addiction: a systematic translational review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;119:481\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.09.034.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3536_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000160","volume":"30","author":"CS Andreassen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andreassen CS, Billieux J, Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ, Demetrovics Z, Mazzoni E, et al. The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: a large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychol Addictive Behav. 2016;30:252\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000160.","journal-title":"Psychol Addictive Behav"},{"key":"3536_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0155813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155813","volume":"11","author":"MP Dyson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dyson MP, Hartling L, Shulhan J, Chisholm A, Milne A, Sundar P, et al. A systematic review of social media use to discuss and view deliberate self-harm acts. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0155813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0155813.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3536_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seko Y, Lewis SP The self\u2014harmed, visualized, and reblogged: remaking of self-injury narratives on Tumblr. New Media Soc 2018;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444816660783.","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816660783"},{"key":"3536_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001359","volume":"209","author":"TR Pritchard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pritchard TR, Fedchenko CA, Lewis SP. Self-injury is my drug: the functions of describing nonsuicidal self-injury as an addiction. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2021;209:628\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001359.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"3536_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00008","volume":"7","author":"H Blasco-Fontecilla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blasco-Fontecilla H, Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez R, Colino L, Fajardo L, Perteguer-Barrio R, de Leon J. The addictive model of self-harming (non-suicidal and suicidal) behavior. Front Psychiatry. 2016;7:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00008.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3536_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-017-9687-x","volume":"12","author":"D Vega","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vega D, Ripoll\u00e9s P, Soto \u00c0, Torrubia R, Ribas J, Monreal JA, et al. Orbitofrontal overactivation in reward processing in borderline personality disorder: the role of non-suicidal self-injury. Brain Imaging Behav. 2018;12:217\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11682-017-9687-x.","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"3536_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.11.026","volume":"370","author":"S Nicolaou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nicolaou S, Pascual JC, Soler J, Ortega G, Marco-Pallar\u00e9s J, Vega D. Mapping punishment avoidance learning deficits in non-suicidal self-injury in young adults with and without borderline personality disorder: an fMRI study. J Affect Disord. 2025;370:489\u201398.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3536_CR51","unstructured":"Skodol AE Gender-specific etiologies for antisocial and borderline personality disorders? In: Gender and its effects on psychopathology. 2000."},{"key":"3536_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2022.2084004","volume":"27","author":"NM Lutz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lutz NM, Neufeld SAS, Hook RW, Jones PB, Bullmore ET, Goodyer IM, et al. Why is non-suicidal self-injury more common in women? mediation and moderation analyses of psychological distress, emotion dysregulation, and impulsivity. Arch Suicide Res. 2023;27:905\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13811118.2022.2084004.","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res"},{"key":"3536_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. In: J Clin Psychiatry 1998.","DOI":"10.1037\/t18597-000"},{"key":"3536_CR54","first-page":"293","volume":"32","author":"J Barrachina","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barrachina J, Soler J, Campins MJ, Tejero A, Pascual JC, \u00c1lvarez E, et al. Validaci\u00f3n de la versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola de la Diagnostic Interview for Bordelines-Revised (DIB-R). Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2004;32:293\u20138.","journal-title":"Actas Esp Psiquiatr"},{"key":"3536_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2011.25.4.542","volume":"25","author":"E Fonseca-Pedrero","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fonseca-Pedrero E, Paino M, Lemos-Gir\u00e1ldez S, Sierra-Baigrie S, Gonz\u00e1lez MPGP, Bobes J, et al. Borderline personality traits in nonclinical young adults. J Pers Disord. 2011;25:542\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi.2011.25.4.542.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"3536_CR56","unstructured":"Arturo BL, Antoni S, Raquel A Psycometric Properties of the Spanish Version of Depression,Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). Psicothema 2005."},{"key":"3536_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2016.1193078","volume":"21","author":"SE Victor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Victor SE, Davis T, Klonsky ED. Descriptive characteristics and initial psychometric properties of the non-suicidal self-injury disorder scale. Arch Suicide Res. 2017;21:265\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13811118.2016.1193078.","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res"},{"key":"3536_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.15","volume":"7","author":"K Kircaburun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kircaburun K, Griffiths MD. Instagram addiction and the Big Five of personality: The mediating role of self-liking. J Behav Addict. 2018;7:158\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.7.2018.15.","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"3536_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2024.108982","volume":"194","author":"S Nicolaou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nicolaou S, Vega D, Marco-Pallar\u00e9s J. Opening the Pandora box: neural processing of self-relevant negative social information. Biol Psychol. 2025;194:108982.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"3536_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200112040-00016","volume":"12","author":"B Knutson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Knutson B, Fong GW, Adams CM, Varner JL, Hommer D. Dissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI. Neuroreport. 2001;12:3683\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001756-200112040-00016.","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"3536_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-018-9385-5","volume":"28","author":"RP Wilson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson RP, Colizzi M, Bossong MG, Allen P, Kempton M, Abe N, et al. The neural substrate of reward anticipation in health: a meta-analysis of fMRI findings in the monetary incentive delay task. Neuropsychol Rev. 2018;28:496\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-018-9385-5.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"3536_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24184","volume":"39","author":"S Oldham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oldham S, Murawski C, Fornito A, Youssef G, Y\u00fccel M, Lorenzetti V. The anticipation and outcome phases of reward and loss processing: a neuroimaging meta-analysis of the monetary incentive delay task. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39:3398\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.24184.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"3536_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108344","volume":"171","author":"M Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu M, Zhang J, Li Z. Social exclusion modulates neural dynamics of monetary and social reward processing in young adult females. Biol Psychol. 2022;171:108344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108344.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"3536_CR64","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2022."},{"key":"3536_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst176","volume":"9","author":"M Domsalla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Domsalla M, Koppe G, Niedtfeld I, Vollst\u00e4dt-Klein S, Schmahl C, Bohus M, et al. Cerebral processing of social rejection in patients with borderline personality disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014;9:1789\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nst176.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"3536_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-019-0114-3","author":"N Kleindienst","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kleindienst N, Hauschild S, Liebke L, Thome J, Bertsch K, Hensel S, et al. A negative bias in decoding positive social cues characterizes emotion processing in patients with symptom-remitted Borderline Personality Disorder. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40479-019-0114-3.","journal-title":"Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul"},{"key":"3536_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.04.031","volume":"19","author":"A Weinbrecht","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weinbrecht A, Niedeggen M, Roepke S, Renneberg B. Feeling excluded no matter what? Bias in the processing of social participation in borderline personality disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2018;19:343\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.04.031.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"3536_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.772","volume":"19","author":"B Renneberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Renneberg B, Herm K, Hahn A, Staebler K, Lammers CH, Roepke S. Perception of social participation in borderline personality disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2012;19:473\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.772.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"3536_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2010.513287","volume":"92","author":"G Sadikaj","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sadikaj G, Russell JJ, Moskowitz DS, Paris J. Affect dysregulation in individuals with borderline personality disorder: persistence and interpersonal triggers. J Pers Assess. 2010;92:490\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2010.513287.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"3536_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032870","volume":"27","author":"V Bhatia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bhatia V, Davila J, Eubanks-Carter C, Burckell LA. Appraisals of daily romantic relationship experiences in individuals with borderline personality disorder features. J Family Psychol. 2013;27:518\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032870.","journal-title":"J Family Psychol"},{"key":"3536_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2016_30_238","volume":"31","author":"J Reichenberger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reichenberger J, Eibl JJ, Pfaltz M, Wilhelm FH, Voderholzer U, Hillert A, et al. Don\u2019t praise me, don\u2019t chase me: Emotional reactivity to positive and negative social-evaluative videos in patients with borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord. 2017;31:75\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi_2016_30_238.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"3536_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.12.031","volume":"61","author":"L Clark","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clark L, Lawrence AJ, Astley-Jones F, Gray N. Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry. Neuron. 2009;61:481\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.12.031.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3536_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.03.002","volume":"32","author":"RA Baer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baer RA, Peters JR, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Geiger PJ, Sauer SE. Emotion-related cognitive processes in borderline personality disorder: a review of the empirical literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32:359\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.03.002.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3536_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171500207X","volume":"46","author":"CW Korn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Korn CW, La Ros\u00e9e L, Heekeren HR, Roepke S. Social feedback processing in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med. 2016;46:575\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S003329171500207X.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3536_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000373","volume":"127","author":"L Liebke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liebke L, Koppe G, Bungert M, Thome J, Hauschild S, Defiebre N, et al. Difficulties with being socially accepted: an experimental study in borderline personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 2018;127:670\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000373.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"3536_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102126","volume":"25","author":"KC Doell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doell KC, Oli\u00e9 E, Courtet P, Corradi-Dell\u2019Acqua C, Perroud N, Schwartz S. Atypical processing of social anticipation and feedback in borderline personality disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2020;25:102126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102126.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"3536_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2205-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"R Daniel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daniel R, Pollmann S. Comparing the neural basis of monetary reward and cognitive feedback during information-integration category learning. J Neurosci. 2010;30:47\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2205-09.2010.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3536_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.23-10-04308.2003","volume":"23","author":"M Ullsperger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ullsperger M, Von Cramon DY. Error monitoring using external feedback: Specific roles of the habenular complex, the reward system, and the cingulate motor area revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci. 2003;23:4308\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.23-10-04308.2003.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3536_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(02)00057-5","volume":"18","author":"B Knutson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Knutson B, Fong GW, Bennett SM, Adams CM, Hommer D. A region of mesial prefrontal cortex tracks monetarily rewarding outcomes: Characterization with rapid event-related fMRI. Neuroimage. 2003;18:263\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1053-8119(02)00057-5.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"3536_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vega D, Torrubia R, Soto \u00c0, Ribas J, Soler J, Pascual JC, et al. Exploring the relationship between non suicidal self-injury and borderline personality traits in young adults. Psychiatry Res. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.07.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.07.008"},{"key":"3536_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00267","volume":"8","author":"RC Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown RC, Plener PL, Groen G, Neff D, Bonenberger M, Abler B. Differential neural processing of social exclusion and inclusion in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury and young adults with borderline personality disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00267.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3536_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-019-00712-0","volume":"32","author":"K Malejko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malejko K, Neff D, Brown RC, Plener PL, Bonenberger M, Abler B, et al. Neural signatures of social inclusion in borderline personality disorder versus non-suicidal self-injury. Brain Topogr. 2019;32:753\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-019-00712-0.","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"3536_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371405901102","volume":"59","author":"MS Andover","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andover MS, Morris BW. Expanding and clarifying the role of emotion regulation in nonsuicidal self-injury. Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59:569\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674371405901102.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3536_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.36131\/cnfioritieditore20210104","volume":"18","author":"F Gioia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gioia F, Rega V, Boursier V. Problematic internet use and emotional dysregulation among young people: a literature review. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2021;18:41\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36131\/cnfioritieditore20210104.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"3536_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1023-2","volume":"21","author":"JW Koudys","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koudys JW, Traynor JM, Rodrigo AH, Carcone D, Ruocco AC. The NIMH research domain criteria (RDoC) initiative and its implications for research on personality disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-019-1023-2.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03536-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03536-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03536-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T11:03:01Z","timestamp":1757415781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03536-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-025-03536-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"308"}}