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This study aims to further uncover the role of the rACC in TRD by investigating its differential connectivity during tasks that evoke conscious and non-conscious emotional responses. Thirty-one TRD patients, 35 treatment-sensitive depression (TSD) patients, and 37 healthy controls (HC) underwent 3T fMRI while performing tasks designed to elicit emotional responses to facial expressions under supraliminal and subliminal conditions. Connectivity patterns of the rACC were analyzed using seed-based and region-of-interest (ROI) approaches. During the processing of positive emotions in the subliminal task, TRD patients showed\n                    <jats:italic>increased<\/jats:italic>\n                    rACC connectivity to the cerebellum and middle temporal gyrus, compared to HC and TSD. Furthermore, significant\n                    <jats:italic>hypoconnectivity<\/jats:italic>\n                    between the rACC and hippocampus was found in the TRD, during the supraliminal processing of positive emotions, compared to TSD and HC. Altered neural connectivity to both subliminal and supraliminal processing of positive facial emotion distinguishes TRD from healthy individuals and patients who respond to depression treatments. This observation fits with anhedonia symptoms that persist in TRD and our findings point to altered connectivity between the rACC and regions involved in emotion regulation and contextualisation during non-conscious processing of positive stimuli.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03600-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T06:33:23Z","timestamp":1759732403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Role of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in emotion processing in Treatment Resistant Depression"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7239-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Barreiros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6241-5274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Breukelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0872-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashanth","family":"Mayur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagadeesh","family":"Andepalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9548-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiro","family":"Tomimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenta","family":"Funayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3725-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheryl","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8617-4962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1339-2221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayuresh","family":"Korgaonkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3600_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan X, Mocchi M, Pascuzzi B, Xiao J, Metzger BA, Mathura RK, et al. 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