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The aim of this study was to perform another GWAS of polymorphisms associated with the serum levels of clozapine and norclozapine, their ratios, and to perform meta-analyses with two previous GWAS. Finnish clozapine patients (n\u2009=\u2009170) with known smoking habits were genotyped. GWAS was performed with clozapine concentration\/dose ratio (C\/D), norclozapine C\/D and clozapine\/norclozapine-ratio as phenotypes, adjusting for age, sex and first four genetic principal components, and additionally for smoking and valproate use. The two other patient populations were from the British CLOZUK2 study (n\u2009=\u20092989) and Norwegian Diakonhjemmet Hospital study (n\u2009=\u2009484). In the three population (n\u2009=\u20093643) meta-analyses the top SNP associated with the clozapine C\/D ratio was rs2472297, located between the\n                    <jats:italic>CYP1A1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CYP1A2<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. For the norclozapine C\/D ratio, an association signal was found near uridine-5\u00b4-diphospho-glucunorosyltransferase (\n                    <jats:italic>UGT<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>UGT2B10<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Additionally, rs3732218, an intron variant in the\n                    <jats:italic>UGT1A<\/jats:italic>\n                    family gene complex, was associated with norclozapine C\/D. Lead SNP associated with the clozapine\/norclozapine ratio was rs6827692, an intron variant near\n                    <jats:italic>UGT2B7<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. In the two population meta-analyses (n\u2009=\u2009654) adjusting for smoking and valproate use, the\n                    <jats:italic>UGT2B10<\/jats:italic>\n                    intron variant rs835309 was associated with the clozapine\/norclozapine ratio. We suggest a\n                    <jats:italic>UGT2B10<\/jats:italic>\n                    missense SNP rs61750900, in perfect linkage disequilibrium with\n                    <jats:italic>UGT2B10<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs835309, as the probable causal variant. Our study confirms and extends the number of genetic variants affecting clozapine and norclozapine metabolism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03649-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T15:11:44Z","timestamp":1761318704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Meta-analyses of clozapine, norclozapine levels and their ratio across three genome wide association studies"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5118-6370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna Maria","family":"Rask","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anssi","family":"Solismaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Ahola-Olli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6190-2751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Espen","family":"Molden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin Sean","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7200-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo-Pekka","family":"Lyytik\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Mononen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2555-4427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terho","family":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6891-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olli","family":"Kampman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3649_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.18com12123","author":"JM Kane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kane JM, Agid O, Baldwin ML, Howes O, Lindenmayer JP, Marder S, et al. 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Anssi Solismaa, no conflicts of interest. Ari Ahola-Olli is a shareholder and employee of Abomics, a company offering pharmacogenetics-related ICT solutions and consultation services. Espen Molden has received speaker\u00b4s honorarium from Lilly, Lundbeck and Otsuka. Kevin Sean O\u00b4Connell, no conflicts of interest. Leo-Pekka Lyytik\u00e4inen, no conflicts of interest. Nina Mononen, no conflicts of interest. Terho Lehtim\u00e4ki, no conflicts of interest. Olli Kampman, no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"431"}}