{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T15:40:53Z","timestamp":1778341253899,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH121605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH121605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["614242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["614242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03655-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T12:21:30Z","timestamp":1763382090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Alzheimer\u2019s disease medications on neurocognitive outcomes in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and low IQ: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Diamandis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"van den Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0104-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Denisova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"3655_CR1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association D 5 TF. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5TM., 5th ed. [Internet]. 2013. Available from: https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=e771ad0f-c0fd-3446-98be-cf79086f265d"},{"key":"3655_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7402a1","volume":"74","author":"KA Shaw","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shaw KA, Williams S, Patrick ME, Valencia-Prado M, Durkin MS, Howerton EM, et al. Prevalence and early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 and 8 years \u2013 autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022. MMWR Surveill Summaries. 2025;74:1\u201322.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summaries"},{"key":"3655_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000991","volume":"41","author":"T Charman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Charman T, Chandler S, Pickles A, Simonoff E, Loucas T, Baird G. IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: data from the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Psychol Med. 2011;41:619\u201327.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3655_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20010015","volume":"178","author":"SJ Chawner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chawner SJ, Doherty JL, Anney RJ, Antshel KM, Bearden CE, Bernier R, et al. A genetics-first approach to dissecting the heterogeneity of autism: phenotypic comparison of autism risk copy number variants. Am J Psychiatry. 2021;178:77\u201386. https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=222731b6-fb1e-3ebf-85b0-aa822363007d.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3655_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1112","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1601","volume":"129","author":"C Fountain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fountain C, Winter AS, Bearman PS. Six developmental trajectories characterize children with autism. Pediatrics. 2012;129:e1112\u201320.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3655_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12448","volume":"57","author":"SH Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim SH, Macari S, Koller J, Chawarska K. Examining the phenotypic heterogeneity of early autism spectrum disorder: subtypes and short-term outcomes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016;57:93\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3655_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7201a1","volume":"72","author":"KA Shaw","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shaw KA, McArthur D, Williams AR, Amoakohene E, Hughes MM, Williams S, et al. Early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 Years \u2014 autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2020. MMWR Surveill Summaries. 2023;72:3\u201316.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summaries"},{"key":"3655_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31440","volume":"169","author":"C Lord","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lord C, Bishop S, Anderson D. Developmental trajectories as autism phenotypes. Am J Med Genet Part C, Semin Med Genet. 2015;169:198\u2013208.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet Part C, Semin Med Genet"},{"key":"3655_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.12.008","volume":"89","author":"JC Silbereis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silbereis JC, Pochareddy S, Zhu Y, Li M, Sestan N. The cellular and molecular landscapes of the developing human central nervous system. Neuron. 2016;89:248\u201368.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3655_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3667E","volume":"136","author":"L Zwaigenbaum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zwaigenbaum L, Bauman ML, Choueiri R, Kasari C, Carter A, Granpeesheh D, et al. Early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder under 3 years of age: recommendations for practice and research. Pediatrics. 2015;136:S60\u201381.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3655_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000370","volume":"20","author":"G Dawson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dawson G. Early behavioral intervention, brain plasticity, and the prevention of autism spectrum disorder. Dev Psychopathol. 2008;20:775\u2013803.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"3655_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211049011","volume":"26","author":"N Gabbay-Dizdar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gabbay-Dizdar N, Ilan M, Meiri G, Faroy M, Michaelovski A, Flusser H, et al. Early diagnosis of autism in the community is associated with marked improvement in social symptoms within 1\u20132years. Autism: Int J Res Pract. 2022;26:1353\u201363.","journal-title":"Autism: Int J Res Pract"},{"key":"3655_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"145","author":"SL Hyman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hyman SL, Levy SE, Myers SM. Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. 2020;145:1\u201364.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3655_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2013.32","volume":"15","author":"GB Schaefer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schaefer GB, Mendelsohn NJ. Clinical genetics evaluation in identifying the etiology of autism spectrum disorders: 2013 guideline revisions. Genet Med. 2013;15:399\u2013407.","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"3655_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2020.04.004","volume":"106","author":"SM Myers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Myers SM, Challman TD, Bernier R, Bourgeron T, Chung WK, Constantino JN, et al. Insufficient evidence for \u201cAutism-Specific\u201d genes. Am J Hum Genet. 2020;106:587\u201395.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"3655_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01148-2","volume":"54","author":"X Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou X, Feliciano P, Shu C, Wang T, Astrovskaya I, Hall JB, et al. Integrating de novo and inherited variants in 42,607 autism cases identifies mutations in new moderate-risk genes. Nat Genet. 2022;54:1305\u201319.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3655_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08217-y","volume":"636","author":"QQ Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang QQ, Wigdor EM, Malawsky DS, Campbell P, Samocha KE, Chundru VK, et al. Examining the role of common variants in rare neurodevelopmental conditions. Nature. 2024;636:404\u201311.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3655_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17946","volume":"533","author":"AC Komor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Komor AC, Kim YB, Packer MS, Zuris JA, Liu DR. Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage. Nature. 2016;533:420\u20134 https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=f40475dc-ac5a-3108-be3a-0fcaaa5332bc.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3655_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2504747","volume":"392","author":"K Musunuru","year":"2025","unstructured":"Musunuru K, Grandinette SA, Wang X, Hudson TR, Briseno K, Berry AM, et al. Patient-specific in vivo gene editing to treat a rare genetic disease. N Engl J Med. 2025;392:2235\u201343.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3655_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.6809","volume":"45","author":"M Jeanne","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jeanne M, Chung WK. Opportunities and challenges of fetal gene therapy. Prenat Diagn. 2025;45:764\u201371.","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"3655_CR21","unstructured":"Frizzo S A Seamless, Clinical Trial to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Multiple Doses of PRAX-222 in Pediatric Participants with Early Onset SCN2A Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 13]. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05737784"},{"key":"3655_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.39","volume":"1","author":"TM Pierson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pierson TM, Yuan H, Marsh ED, Fuentes-Fajardo K, Adams DR, Markello T, et al. GRIN2A mutation and early-onset epileptic encephalopathy: personalized therapy with memantine. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2014;1:190\u20138. https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=f54ae7c9-c662-3102-bcfa-d1684db15a90.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"3655_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2016-104509","volume":"54","author":"K Platzer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Platzer K, Yuan H, Sch\u00fctz H, Winschel A, Chen W, Hu C, et al. GRIN2B encephalopathy: novel findings on phenotype, variant clustering, functional consequences and treatment aspects. J Med Genet. 2017;54:460\u201370.","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"3655_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-024-00415-y","volume":"13","author":"MS Gee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gee MS, Kwon E, Song MH, Jeon SH, Kim N, Lee JK, et al. CRISPR base editing-mediated correction of a tau mutation rescues cognitive decline in a mouse model of tauopathy. Transl Neurodegener. 2024;13:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"3655_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tamura S, Nelson AD, Spratt PWE, Hamada EC, Zhou X, Kyoung H, et al. CRISPR activation for SCN2A-related neurodevelopmental disorders. Nature. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-025-09522-w.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09522-w"},{"key":"3655_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01541-5","volume":"399","author":"C Lord","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lord C, Charman T, Havdahl A, Carbone P, Anagnostou E, Boyd B, et al. The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism. Lancet. 2022;399:271\u2013334.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3655_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2842","volume":"16","author":"K Denisova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Denisova K, Lin Z. The importance of low IQ to early diagnosis of autism. Autism Res. 2023;16:122\u201342.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"3655_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2590","volume":"14","author":"G Vivanti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vivanti G, Tao S, Lyall K, Robins DL, Shea LL. The prevalence and incidence of early-onset dementia among adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 2021;14:2189\u201399.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"3655_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","volume":"14","author":"CR Jack","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jack CR, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Dunn B, Haeberlein SB, et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 2018;14:535\u201362. https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=f21f92f4-a85d-3df5-8b2a-aa0c7dccc087.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"key":"3655_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a006171","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006171","volume":"2","author":"S Weintraub","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weintraub S, Wicklund AH, Salmon DP. The neuropsychological profile of Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2:a006171.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"3655_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150701103107","volume":"12","author":"J Raskin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raskin J, Cummings J, Hardy J, Schuh K, Dean RA. Neurobiology of alzheimer\u2019s disease: integrated molecular, physiological, anatomical, biomarker, and cognitive dimensions. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2015;12:712\u201322.","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3655_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610203008664","volume":"14","author":"J Corey-Bloom","year":"2002","unstructured":"Corey-Bloom J. The ABC of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: cognitive changes and their management in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias. Int Psychogeriatr. 2002;14(Suppl 1):51\u201375.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"3655_CR33","first-page":"31925","volume":"10","author":"HW Haddad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haddad HW, Malone GW, Comardelle NJ, Degueure AE, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Aducanumab, a novel anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody, for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a comprehensive review. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10:31925. https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=6dc22770-38a8-34eb-abba-15248b3fc989.","journal-title":"Health Psychol Res"},{"key":"3655_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948","volume":"388","author":"CH van Dyck","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, Bateman RJ, Chen C, Gee M, et al. Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:9\u201321.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3655_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.13239","volume":"330","author":"JR Sims","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sims JR, Zimmer JA, Evans CD, Lu M, Ardayfio P, Sparks J, et al. Donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease: The TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2023;330:512\u201327.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3655_CR36","first-page":"CD005593","volume":"2006","author":"J Birks","year":"2006","unstructured":"Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;2006:CD005593 https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=eb180f79-df50-32b4-95ae-9c7cf642f341.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3655_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199807000-00001","volume":"57","author":"TL Kemper","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kemper TL, Bauman M. Neuropathology of Infantile Autism. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1998;57:645.","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"3655_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf160","volume":"125","author":"M Lee","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lee M, Martin-Ruiz C, Graham A, Court J, Jaros E, Perry R, et al. Nicotinic receptor abnormalities in the cerebellar cortex in autism. Brain. 2002;125:1483\u201395.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3655_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1058","volume":"158","author":"EK Perry","year":"2001","unstructured":"Perry EK, Lee MLW, Martin-Ruiz CM, Court JA, Volsen SG, Merrit J, et al. Cholinergic activity in autism: abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and basal forebrain. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1058.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3655_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.01.017","volume":"19","author":"MA Ray","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ray MA, Graham AJ, Lee M, Perry RH, Court JA, Perry EK. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in autism: an immunohistochemical investigation in the thalamus. Neurobiol Dis. 2005;19:366\u201377.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"3655_CR41","first-page":"CD003154","volume":"3","author":"R McShane","year":"2019","unstructured":"McShane R, Westby MJ, Roberts E, Minakaran N, Schneider L, Farrimond LE, et al. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;3:CD003154 https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=7cc300df-eb2d-3e32-a701-1307d15052eb.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3655_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02317-5","volume":"13","author":"V Hollestein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hollestein V, Poelmans G, Forde NJ, Beckmann CF, Ecker C, Mann C, et al. Excitatory\/inhibitory imbalance in autism: the role of glutamate and GABA gene-sets in symptoms and cortical brain structure. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3655_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-183X.2003.00037.x","volume":"2","author":"JLR Rubenstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rubenstein JLR, Merzenich MM. Review Model of autism: increased ratio of excitation\/inhibition in key neural systems. Genes Brain Behav. 2003;2:255\u201367.","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav"},{"key":"3655_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022238706604","volume":"33","author":"S Aldred","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aldred S, Moore KM, Fitzgerald M, Waring RH. Plasma amino acid levels in children with autism and their families. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003;33:93\u20137.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"3655_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2012.12.005","volume":"7","author":"TH Hassan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hassan TH, Abdelrahman HM, Abdel Fattah NR, El-Masry NM, Hashim HM, El-Gerby KM, et al. Blood and brain glutamate levels in children with autistic disorder. Res Autism Spectr Discord. 2013;7:541\u20138.","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Discord"},{"key":"3655_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.06.013","volume":"30","author":"A Shinohe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shinohe A, Hashimoto K, Nakamura K, Tsujii M, Iwata Y, Tsuchiya KJ, et al. Increased serum levels of glutamate in adult patients with autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30:1472\u20137.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3655_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0112","volume":"25","author":"DM Cochran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cochran DM, Sikoglu EM, Hodge SM, Edden RAE, Foley A, Kennedy DN, et al. Relationship among glutamine, \u03b3-Aminobutyric acid, and social cognition in autism spectrum disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:314\u201322.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3655_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.24022006","volume":"22","author":"R Aishworiya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aishworiya R, Valica T, Hagerman R, Restrepo B. An update on psychopharmacological treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Focus. 2024;22:198\u2013211.","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"3655_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2014.00087","volume":"2","author":"D Rossignol","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rossignol D, Frye RE. The use of medications approved for Alzheimer\u2019s disease in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Front Pediatr. 2014;2:87. https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=cfd919f3-2938-3194-a498-41d6126b7e5f.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"3655_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.181","volume":"10","author":"PS Sachdev","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sachdev PS, Blacker D, Blazer DG, Ganguli M, Jeste DV, Paulsen JS, et al. Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10:634.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"3655_CR51","first-page":"3","volume":"19","author":"MDJ Peters","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. Int J Evid-Based Healthc. 2021;19:3\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Evid-Based Healthc"},{"key":"3655_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:467\u201373.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3655_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diamandis N. Effect of Alzheimer\u2019s disease medications on neurocognitive outcomes in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and low IQ: a scoping review protocol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/8PKRC","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/8PKRC"},{"key":"3655_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.6.694","volume":"63","author":"C Lord","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lord C, Risi S, DiLavore PS, Shulman C, Thurm A, Pickles A. Autism from 2 to 9 years of age. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:694\u2013701.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"3655_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2151","volume":"140","author":"AP Hardin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hardin AP, Hackell JM. Age limit of pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2017;140:1\u20133.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3655_CR56","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. 4th ed.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"3655_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2019.21.3\/pharvey","volume":"21","author":"PD Harvey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harvey PD. Domains of cognition and their assessment. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2019;21:227\u201337.","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3655_CR58","unstructured":"Covidence Systematic Review Software [Internet]. Melbourne, Australia: Veritas Health Innovation; Available from: www.covidence.org"},{"key":"3655_CR59","first-page":"83","volume":"1","author":"MG Chez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chez MG, Buchanan TM, Becker M, Kessler J, Aimonovitch MC, Mrazek SR. Donepezil hydrochloride: a double-blind study in autistic children. J Pediatr Neurol. 2003;1:83\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"3655_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01351-7","volume":"69","author":"LV Gabis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gabis LV, Ben-Hur R, Shefer S, Jokel A, Shalom DB. Improvement of language in children with autism with combined donepezil and choline treatment. J Mol Neurosci. 2019;69:224\u201334.","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"3655_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2010.0024","volume":"21","author":"BL Handen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Handen BL, Johnson CR, McAuliffe-Bellin S, Murray PJ, Hardan AY. Safety and efficacy of donepezil in children and adolescents with autism: neuropsychological measures. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21:43\u201350.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3655_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2021.0010","volume":"31","author":"LV Soorya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soorya LV, Fogg L, Ocampo E, Printen M, Youngkin S, Halpern D, et al. Neurocognitive outcomes from memantine: a pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2021;31:475\u201384.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3655_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2006.16.517","volume":"16","author":"T Owley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Owley T, Salt J, Guter S, Grieve A, Walton L, Ayuyao N, et al. A prospective, open-label trial of memantine in the treatment of cognitive, behavioral, and memory dysfunction in pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006;16:517\u201324.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3655_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1089\/104454602760386923","volume":"12","author":"AY Hardan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hardan AY, Handen BL. A retrospective open trial of adjunctive donepezil in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2002;12:237\u201341.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3655_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2021.05.012","volume":"43","author":"S Bouhadoun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bouhadoun S, Poulin C, Berrahmoune S, Myers KA. A retrospective analysis of memantine use in a pediatric neurology clinic. Brain Dev. 2021;43:997\u20131003.","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"3655_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0518-9","volume":"191","author":"CA Erickson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Erickson CA, Posey DJ, Stigler KA, Mullett J, Katschke AR, McDougle CJ. A retrospective study of memantine in children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007;191:141\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"3655_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738040190033001","volume":"19","author":"MG Chez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chez MG, Aimonovitch M, Buchanan T, Mrazek S, Tremb RJ. Treating autistic spectrum disorders in children: Utility of the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine tartrate. J Child Neurol. 2004;19:165\u20139.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"3655_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807302611","volume":"22","author":"MG Chez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chez MG, Burton Q, Dowling T, Mina C, Khanna P, Kramer C. Memantine as adjunctive therapy in children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders: an observation of initial clinical response and maintenance tolerability. J Child Neurol. 2007;22:574\u20139.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"3655_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380442","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1380442","volume":"18","author":"A Nissenkorn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nissenkorn A, Bar L, Ben-Bassat A, Rothstein L, Abdelrahim H, Sokol R, et al. Donepezil as a new therapeutic potential in KCNQ2- and KCNQ3-related autism. Front Cell Neurosci. 2024;18:1380442 https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=850c4711-a92c-3673-b307-1475555ec103.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"3655_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20211227-02","volume":"52","author":"RM Cosme-Cruz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cosme-Cruz RM, de Leon Jauregui M, Hussain M. Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome: a case report and literature review of available treatments. Psychiatr Ann. 2022;52:41 https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=2eda45ca-bf29-34dd-bfe2-27c798e7a35d.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"key":"3655_CR71","volume-title":"Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition","author":"IL Zimmerman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zimmerman IL, Steiner VG, Pond RE. Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 2002."},{"key":"3655_CR72","volume-title":"Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test: ROWPVT","author":"MF Gardner","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gardner MF Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test: ROWPVT. Novato, CA: Academic Therapy Publications; 1985."},{"key":"3655_CR73","volume-title":"Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (Revised): EOWPVT-R","author":"MF Gardner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gardner MF Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (Revised): EOWPVT-R. Novato, CA: Academic Therapy Publications; 1990."},{"key":"3655_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289503400504","volume":"34","author":"H Ireton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ireton H, Glascoe FP. Assessing children\u2019s development using parents\u2019 reports: The Child Development Inventory. Clin Pediatr (Philos). 1995;34:248\u201355.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Philos)"},{"key":"3655_CR75","first-page":"485","volume":"89","author":"MG Aman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Aman MG. The aberrant behavior checklist: a behavior rating scale for the assessment of treatment effects. Am J Ment Defic. 1985;89:485\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Ment Defic"},{"key":"3655_CR76","volume-title":"Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System","author":"DC Delis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Delis DC, Kaplan E, Kramer JH. Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 2001."},{"key":"3655_CR77","volume-title":"Conners\u2019 Parent Rating Scale","author":"CK Conners","year":"1989","unstructured":"Conners CK. Conners\u2019 Parent Rating Scale. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems, Inc; 1989."},{"key":"3655_CR78","volume-title":"NEPSY-II: Clinical and interpretive manual","author":"M Korkman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Korkman M, Kirk U, Kemp S. NEPSY-II: Clinical and interpretive manual. San Antonio, TX: Pearson; 2007."},{"key":"3655_CR79","unstructured":"Cohen MJ. Children\u2019s Memory Scale: Administration manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1997."},{"key":"3655_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.08.038","volume":"67","author":"PK Kuhl","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuhl PK. Brain mechanisms in early language acquisition. Neuron. 2010;67:713\u201327.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3655_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01250.x","volume":"80","author":"SA Rose","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rose SA, Feldman JF, Jankowski JJ. A cognitive approach to the development of early language. Child Dev. 2009;80:134\u201350.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"3655_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.01.002","volume":"43","author":"CA Nelson III","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nelson CA III, Gabard-Durnam LJ. Early adversity and critical periods: neurodevelopmental consequences of violating the expectable environment. Trends Neurosci. 2020;43:133\u201343.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"3655_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2006","volume":"11","author":"K Chenausky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chenausky K, Norton A, Tager-Flusberg H, Schlaug G. Behavioral predictors of improved speech output in minimally verbal children with autism. Autism Res. 2018;11:1356\u201365.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"3655_CR84","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Outcomes in Autism Spectrum Disorders","author":"P Howlin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Howlin P, Klin A, Cohen D, Volkmar FR, Paul R. Outcomes in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2005. pp. 201\u201320."},{"key":"3655_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00887.x","volume":"33","author":"A Venter","year":"1992","unstructured":"Venter A, Lord C, Schopler E. A follow-up study of high-functioning autistic children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992;33:489\u2013597.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3655_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-010-9188-y","volume":"22","author":"J Matson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Matson J, Horovitz M. Stability of autism spectrum disorders symptoms over time. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2010;22:331\u201342.","journal-title":"J Dev Phys Disabil"},{"key":"3655_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2003.11.003","volume":"8","author":"EL Hill","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hill EL. Executive dysfunction in autism. Trends Cogn Sci. 2004;8:26\u201332.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"3655_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2071-4","volume":"44","author":"S Bergh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bergh S, Scheeren A, Begeer S, Koot H, Geurts H. Age related differences of executive functioning problems in everyday life of children and adolescents in the autism spectrum. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44:1959\u201371.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"3655_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0983-1","volume":"40","author":"SE Weismer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weismer SE, Lord C, Esler A. Early language patterns of toddlers on the autism spectrum compared to toddlers with developmental delay. J Autism Dev Disord. 2010;40:1259\u201373.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"3655_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.077172","volume":"312","author":"Y Aracava","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aracava Y, Pereira EFR, Maelicke A, Albuquerque EX. Memantine Blocks \u03b17* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors more potently than N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat hippocampal neurons. J Pharm Exp Ther. 2005;312:1195\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Pharm Exp Ther"},{"key":"3655_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)01872-9","volume":"306","author":"G Rammes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rammes G, Rupprecht R, Ferrari U, Zieglg\u00e4nsberger W, Parsons CG. The N-methyl- d-aspartate receptor channel blockers memantine, MRZ 2\/579 and other amino-alkyl-cyclohexanes antagonise 5-HT 3 receptor currents in cultured HEK-293 and N1E-115 cell systems in a non-competitive manner. Neurosci Lett. 2001;306:81\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"3655_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20472","volume":"62","author":"P Seeman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seeman P, Caruso C, Lasaga M. Memantine agonist action at dopamine D2High receptors. Synapse. 2008;62:149\u201353.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"3655_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)90023-X","volume":"262","author":"R Spanagel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Spanagel R, Eilbacher B, Wilke R. Memantine-induced dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of the rat \u2014 a pharmacokinetic microdialysis study. Eur J Pharm. 1994;262:21\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm"},{"key":"3655_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2003-5602","volume":"5","author":"RT Reid","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reid RT, Sabbagh MN. Effects of donepezil treatment on rat nicotinic acetylcholine receptor levels in vivo and in vitro. J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. 2003;5:429\u201336.","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"3655_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00894.x","volume":"161","author":"H Shen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shen H, Kihara T, Hongo H, Wu X, Kem W, Shimohama S, et al. Neuroprotection by donepezil against glutamate excitotoxicity involves stimulation of alpha7 nicotinic receptors and internalization of NMDA receptors. Br J Pharm. 2010;161:127\u201339.","journal-title":"Br J Pharm"},{"key":"3655_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-4060","volume":"133","author":"KA Neville","year":"2014","unstructured":"Committee On Drugs, Neville KA, Frattarelli DAC, Galinkin JL, Green TP, Johnson TD, et al. Off-Label Use of Drugs in Children. Pediatrics. 2014;133:563\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3655_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035092","volume":"349","author":"GL Kearns","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kearns GL, Abdel-Rahman SM, Alander SW, Blowey DL, Leeder JS, Kauffman RE. Developmental pharmacology \u00e2\u20ac\u201d drug disposition, action, and therapy in infants and children. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1157\u201367.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3655_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1284","volume":"58","author":"J van den Anker","year":"2018","unstructured":"van den Anker J, Reed MD, Allegaert K, Kearns GL. Developmental Changes in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. J Clin Pharm. 2018;58:25.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"3655_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0146","volume":"27","author":"MG Aman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aman MG, Findling RL, Hardan AY, Hendren RL, Melmed RD, Kehinde-Nelson O, et al. Safety and efficacy of memantine in children with autism: randomized, placebo-controlled study and open-label extension. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2017;27:403\u201312.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3655_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318824103","volume":"23","author":"AY Hardan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hardan AY, Hendren RL, Aman MG, Robb A, Melmed RD, Andersen KA, et al. Efficacy and safety of memantine in children with autism spectrum disorder: Results from three phase 2 multicenter studies. Autism. 2019;23:2096\u2013111.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"3655_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.30","volume":"66","author":"BH King","year":"2009","unstructured":"King BH, Hollander E, Sikich L, McCracken JT, Scahill L, Bregman JD, et al. Lack of efficacy of citalopram in children with autism spectrum disorders and high levels of repetitive behavior: citalopram ineffective in children with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:583\u201390.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"3655_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2103583","volume":"385","author":"L Sikich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sikich L, Kolevzon A, King BH, McDougle CJ, Sanders KB, Kim SJ, et al. Intranasal oxytocin in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1462\u201373.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3655_CR103","first-page":"CD013845","volume":"8","author":"A Brignell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brignell A, Marraffa C, Williams K, May T. Memantine for autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;8:CD013845 https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=d177f1c5-3287-3884-a8c2-68ca01d99f1b.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3655_CR104","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2014Fourth Edition (WISC-IV): Administration and scoring manual","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wechsler D Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2014Fourth Edition (WISC-IV): Administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 2003."},{"key":"3655_CR105","volume-title":"Differential Ability Scales","author":"CD Elliot","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elliot CD Differential Ability Scales. 2nd ed. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment;2007.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"3655_CR106","volume-title":"Standford-Binet Intelligence Scales","author":"GH Roid","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roid GH Standford-Binet Intelligence Scales. Fifth Edition. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing; 2003.","edition":"Fifth Edition"},{"key":"3655_CR107","unstructured":"Mullen EM Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service Inc."},{"key":"3655_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0344-8","volume":"51","author":"J Grove","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grove J, Ripke S, Als TD, Mattheisen M, Walters RK, Won H, et al. Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder. Nat Genet. 2019;51:431\u201344. https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=c6501d39-e631-3606-8957-c1d5358eab83.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3655_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02408-2","volume":"29","author":"T Rolland","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rolland T, Cliquet F, Anney RJL, Moreau C, Traut N, Mathieu A, et al. Phenotypic effects of genetic variants associated with autism. Nat Med. 2023;29:1671\u201380.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3655_CR110","volume-title":"California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II)","author":"DC Delis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II). The Psychological Corporation; 2000."},{"key":"3655_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(73)80034-9","volume":"12","author":"H Buschke","year":"1973","unstructured":"Buschke H. Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning. J Verbal Learn Verbal Behav. 1973;12:543\u201350.","journal-title":"J Verbal Learn Verbal Behav"},{"key":"3655_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1273596","volume":"192","author":"JM Swanson","year":"1976","unstructured":"Swanson JM, Kinsbourne M. Stimulant-related state-dependent learning in hyperactive children. Science. 1976;192:1354\u20137.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3655_CR113","volume-title":"Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition (KBIT-2) Manual","author":"AS Kaufman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaufman AS, Kaufman NL. Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition (KBIT-2) Manual. Second Edition. Bloomington, MN: Pearson; 2004.","edition":"Second Edition"},{"key":"3655_CR114","volume-title":"Expressive Vocabulary Test, Second Edition (EVT-2)","author":"KT Williams","year":"2007","unstructured":"Williams KT. Expressive Vocabulary Test, Second Edition (EVT-2). San Antonio, TX: Pearson; 2007."},{"key":"3655_CR115","volume-title":"Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2): Manual","author":"RH Bruininks","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bruininks RH, Bruininks BD. Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2): Manual. Minneapolis, MN: Pearson; 2005."},{"key":"3655_CR116","volume-title":"Sensory Profile: User\u2019s Manual","author":"W Dunn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dunn W Sensory Profile: User\u2019s Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1999."},{"key":"3655_CR117","volume-title":"The apraxia profile: a descriptive assessment tool for children","author":"LA Hickman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hickman LA. The apraxia profile: a descriptive assessment tool for children. San Antonio, TX: Communication Skill Builders; 1997."},{"key":"3655_CR118","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition (WASI-II)","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition (WASI-II). San Antonio, TX: Pearson; 2011."},{"key":"3655_CR119","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test","author":"LM Dunn","year":"1959","unstructured":"Dunn LM, Dunn LM. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service Inc; 1959."},{"key":"3655_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raven J, Raven J. Raven Progressive Matrices. In: Handbook of nonverbal assessment [Internet]. 2003. p. 223\u201337. Available from: https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=94df6997-bde9-3423-be71-a0dc12dc5360","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0153-4_11"},{"key":"3655_CR121","unstructured":"Guy W, National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.). Psychopharmacology Research Branch., Early Clinical Drug Evaluation Program. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Rev. Rockville, Md: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health, Psychopharmacology Research Branch, Division of Extramural Research Programs; 1976. (DHEW publication; no. (ADM) 76-338)."},{"key":"3655_CR122","volume-title":"Adaptive Behavior Assessment System\u2013Second Edition Manual (ABAS-II)","author":"P Harrison","year":"2002","unstructured":"Harrison P, Oakland T. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System\u2013Second Edition Manual (ABAS-II). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment; 2002."}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03655-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03655-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03655-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:03:54Z","timestamp":1763388234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03655-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-025-03655-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"475"}}