{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:22:16Z","timestamp":1788873736108,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K021389\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K021389\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K021389\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K021389\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K021389\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K021389\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["777394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["115300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["115300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["777394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["115300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["115300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["777394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["777394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["213608\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["213608\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NF-SI-0617-10168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NF-SI-0617-10168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IS-BRC-1215-20018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215-20018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autism and ADHD are characterised by atypical sensory responsivity, and this may be driven by alterations in the balance of cortical excitation to inhibition (E\/I). Studies early in development are required to establish when sensory responsivity differences emerge and whether they predict later neurodevelopmental condition outcomes. We utilised data from a prospective longitudinal cohort of infants with and without a family history (FH) of autism and\/or ADHD (N\u2009=\u2009151; 55% male, 83% white). We extracted electroencephalography (EEG) metrics of E\/I balance at 5, 10 and 14 months; the aperiodic exponent of the slope of the power spectrum (\u20181\/f\u2019). Models estimated latent growth curves of parent-reported hyper and hypo-responsivity between 10 \u2013 36 months. Analyses tested associations between developmental trajectories of FH, sensory responsivity, parent-rated neurodevelopmental traits at 3 years and E\/I balance. We coded and entered binary variables indexing FH-autism and FH-ADHD in the same model, which allowed us to test for effects of one form of FH whilst adjusting for the impact of the other. Results showed that FH-autism was associated with greater increases in parent-reported hyper-responsivity between 10\u201336 months (over and above the effects of FH-ADHD), and in univariate models for hyper-responsivity only, the intercept and the slope of hyper-responsivity were positively associated with both autistic and ADHD traits at age 3 years. However, in joint models which included hypo-responsivity, associations between hyper-responsivity and autistic and ADHD traits became non-significant. In these joint models, FH-ADHD was associated with steeper increases in hypo-responsivity (over and above the effects of FH-autism). Higher hypo-responsivity at 10-month baseline was associated with both autistic and ADHD traits at 3 years. A steeper slope of hypo-responsivity predicted ADHD traits at 3 years. Males displayed higher baseline hypo-responsivity. Aperiodic exponent values at 5 and 10, but not 14 months, were associated with hyper-responsivity. Results suggest a dissociation in the type of sensory responsivity associated with a family history of autism as compared to a family of ADHD, and that hypo-responsivity in infancy may be an indicator of later autism and ADHD outcomes. However, better measurement of each domain is required to draw strong conclusions as many hypo-responsivity items overlapped with autistic and ADHD traits. Alterations in E\/I balance may contribute to early differences in sensory responsivity but further research is required to determine the directionality of effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03791-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T05:53:10Z","timestamp":1766037190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cortical markers of excitation\/inhibition balance are associated with sensory responsivity from infancy in longitudinal cohorts enriched for autism and ADHD"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7455-5514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Carter Leno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannath","family":"Begum-Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2585-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Pasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha","family":"Narvekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Pickles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1993-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Charman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily J. H.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the STAARS Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Agyapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessel","family":"Bazelmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Dafner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutluhan","family":"Ersoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurel","family":"Fish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodora","family":"Gliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rianne","family":"Haartsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Hendry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Holman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kalwarowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kolesnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pirazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00eb","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"3791_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3182130c54","volume":"69","author":"EJ Marco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marco EJ, Hinkley LBN, Hill SS, Nagarajan SS. Sensory processing in autism: a review of neurophysiologic findings. Pediatric Res. 2011;69:48\u201354.","journal-title":"Pediatric Res"},{"key":"3791_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.112","volume":"18","author":"CE Robertson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robertson CE, Baron-Cohen S. Sensory perception in autism. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017;18:671\u201384.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"3791_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04180-0","volume":"49","author":"A Ben-Sasson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ben-Sasson A, Gal E, Fluss R, Katz-Zetler N, Cermak SA. Update of a meta-analysis of sensory symptoms in ASD: a new decade of research. J Autism Developmental Disord. 2019;49:4974\u201396.","journal-title":"J Autism Developmental Disord"},{"key":"3791_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.03.016","volume":"61","author":"E Shephard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shephard E, Zuccolo PF, Idrees I, Godoy PBG, Salomone E, Ferrante C, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the science of early-life precursors and interventions for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;61:187\u2013226.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.02.015","volume":"35","author":"NNJ Rommelse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rommelse NNJ, Geurts HM, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Hartman CA. A review on cognitive and brain endophenotypes that may be common in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and facilitate the search for pleiotropic genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35:1363\u201396.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3791_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0502-y","volume":"47","author":"KLH Carpenter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carpenter KLH, Baranek GT, Copeland WE, Compton S, Zucker N, Dawson G, et al. Sensory over-responsivity: an early risk factor for anxiety and behavioral challenges in young children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019;47:1075\u201388.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"3791_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarzlose RF, Tillman R, Hoyniak CP, Luby JL, Barch DM Sensory over-responsivity: a feature of childhood psychiatric illness associated with altered functional connectivity of sensory networks. Biological Psychiatry. 2022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.09.004"},{"key":"3791_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12035","volume":"54","author":"A Ben-Sasson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ben-Sasson A, Soto TW, Mart\u00ednez-Pedraza F, Carter AS. Early sensory over-responsivity in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders as a predictor of family impairment and parenting stress. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54:846\u201353.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR9","unstructured":"Autistica. Top 10 Priorities for Autism Research 2016 Available from: https:\/\/www.autistica.org.uk\/downloads\/files\/Autism-Top-10-Your-Priorities-for-Autism-Research.pdf."},{"key":"3791_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01546.x","volume":"47","author":"GT Baranek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baranek GT, David FJ, Poe MD, Stone WL, Watson LR. Sensory Experiences Questionnaire: discriminating sensory features in young children with autism, developmental delays, and typical development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47:591\u2013601.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0218-7","volume":"37","author":"SR Leekam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leekam SR, Nieto C, Libby SJ, Wing L, Gould J. Describing the sensory abnormalities of children and adults with Autism. J Autism Developmental Disord. 2007;37:894\u2013910.","journal-title":"J Autism Developmental Disord"},{"key":"3791_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e446","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13745","volume":"93","author":"Y-J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Y-J, Sideris J, Watson LR, Crais ER, Baranek GT. Developmental trajectories of sensory patterns from infancy to school age in a community sample and associations with autistic traits. Child Dev. 2022;93:e446\u2013e59.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"3791_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12978","volume":"60","author":"JJ Wolff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolff JJ, Dimian AF, Botteron KN, Dager SR, Elison JT, Estes AM, et al. A longitudinal study of parent-reported sensory responsiveness in toddlers at-risk for autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019;60:314\u201324.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579422001195","volume":"36","author":"Y-J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y-J, Sideris J, Watson LR, Crais ER, Baranek GT. Early developmental profiles of sensory features and links to school-age adaptive and maladaptive outcomes: a birth cohort investigation. Dev Psychopathol. 2024;36:291\u2013301.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"3791_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12391","volume":"43","author":"LM Little","year":"2017","unstructured":"Little LM, Dean E, Tomchek SD, Dunn W. Classifying sensory profiles of children in the general population. Child: Care, Health Dev. 2017;43:81\u20138.","journal-title":"Child: Care, Health Dev"},{"key":"3791_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s41252-022-00269-3","volume":"7","author":"SE Schulz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schulz SE, Kelley E, Anagnostou E, Nicolson R, Georgiades S, Crosbie J, et al. Sensory processing patterns predict problem behaviours in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Adv Neurodevelopmental Disord. 2023;7:46\u201358.","journal-title":"Adv Neurodevelopmental Disord"},{"key":"3791_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.94.3.446","volume":"94","author":"SS Zentall","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zentall SS, Zentall TR. Optimal stimulation: a model of disordered activity and performance in normal and deviant children. Psychological Bull. 1983;94:446.","journal-title":"Psychological Bull"},{"key":"3791_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05798-3","volume":"54","author":"NE Scheerer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scheerer NE, Pourtousi A, Yang C, Ding Z, Stojanoski B, Anagnostou E, et al. Transdiagnostic patterns of sensory processing in Autism and ADHD. J Autism Developmental Disord. 2024;54:280\u201392.","journal-title":"J Autism Developmental Disord"},{"key":"3791_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12219","volume":"4","author":"IA Apperly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Apperly IA, Lee R, van der Kleij SW, Devine RT. A transdiagnostic approach to neurodiversity in a representative population sample: The N\u2009+\u20094 model. JCPP Adv. 2024;4:e12219.","journal-title":"JCPP Adv"},{"key":"3791_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.03.014","volume":"54","author":"L-AR Sacrey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sacrey L-AR, Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Brian J, Smith IM, Roberts W, et al. Can parents concerns predict autism spectrum disorder? a prospective study of high-risk siblings from 6\u201336 months of age. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54:470\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2175-x","volume":"44","author":"T Germani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Germani T, Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Brian J, Smith I, Roberts W, et al. Brief report: assessment of early sensory processing in infants at high-risk of autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Developmental Disord. 2014;44:3264\u201370.","journal-title":"J Autism Developmental Disord"},{"key":"3791_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-20-00196","volume":"64","author":"JI Feldman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feldman JI, Raj S, Bowman SM, Santapuram P, Golden AJ, Daly C, et al. Sensory responsiveness is linked with communication in infant siblings of children with and without autism. J Speech, Lang, Hearing Res. 2021;64:1964\u201376.","journal-title":"J Speech, Lang, Hearing Res"},{"key":"3791_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.103904","volume":"112","author":"J Keating","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keating J, Bramham J, Downes M. Sensory modulation and negative affect in children at familial risk of ADHD. Res Developmental Disabilities. 2021;112:103904.","journal-title":"Res Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"3791_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.027","volume":"72","author":"JeffryS Isaacson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Isaacson JeffryS, Scanziani M. How inhibition shapes cortical activity. Neuron. 2011;72:231\u201343.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3791_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01154-0","volume":"11","author":"ET Wood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wood ET, Cummings KK, Jung J, Patterson G, Okada N, Guo J, et al. Sensory over-responsivity is related to GABAergic inhibition in thalamocortical circuits. Transl psychiatry. 2021;11:39.","journal-title":"Transl psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0737","volume":"72","author":"SA Green","year":"2015","unstructured":"Green SA, Hernandez L, Tottenham N, Krasileva K, Bookheimer SY, Dapretto M. Neurobiology of sensory overresponsivity in youth with autism spectrum disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:778\u201386.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24469","volume":"40","author":"EV Orekhova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Orekhova EV, Stroganova TA, Schneiderman JF, Lundstr\u00f6m S, Riaz B, Sarovic D, et al. Neural gain control measured through cortical gamma oscillations is associated with sensory sensitivity. Hum Brain Mapp. 2019;40:1583\u201393.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"3791_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01525-1","volume":"11","author":"JL He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He JL, Oeltzschner G, Mikkelsen M, Deronda A, Harris AD, Crocetti D, et al. Region-specific elevations of glutamate\u2009+\u2009glutamine correlate with the sensory symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:411.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1691","volume":"10","author":"NAJ Puts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puts NAJ, Wodka EL, Harris AD, Crocetti D, Tommerdahl M, Mostofsky SH, et al. Reduced GABA and altered somatosensory function in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 2017;10:608\u201319.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"3791_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8398","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0836-19.2019","volume":"39","author":"J Mentch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mentch J, Spiegel A, Ricciardi C, Robertson CE. GABAergic inhibition gates perceptual awareness during binocular rivalry. J Neurosci. 2019;39:8398\u2013407.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3791_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abg7859","volume":"14","author":"Q Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang Q, Pereira AC, Velthuis H, Wong NML, Ellis CL, Ponteduro FM, et al. GABAB receptor modulation of visual sensory processing in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder. Sci Transl Med. 2022;14:eabg7859.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"3791_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.11.045","volume":"174","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Jiao YY, Sun QQ. Developmental maturation of excitation and inhibition balance in principal neurons across four layers of somatosensory cortex. Neuroscience. 2011;174:10\u201325.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"3791_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.024","volume":"124","author":"C Peerboom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peerboom C, Wierenga CJ. The postnatal GABA shift: a developmental perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;124:179\u201392.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3791_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.07.024","volume":"28","author":"E Kang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kang E, Song J, Lin Y, Park J, Lee JH, Hussani Q, et al. Interplay between a mental disorder risk gene and developmental polarity switch of gaba action leads to excitation-inhibition imbalance. Cell Rep. 2019;28:1419\u201328.e3.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"3791_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-020-09334-1","volume":"13","author":"ES Piccardi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piccardi ES, Begum Ali J, Jones EJH, Mason L, Charman T, Johnson MH, et al. Behavioural and neural markers of tactile sensory processing in infants at elevated likelihood of autism spectrum disorder and\/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neurodevelopmental Disord. 2021;13:1.","journal-title":"J Neurodevelopmental Disord"},{"key":"3791_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02218-z","volume":"12","author":"J Ahmad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad J, Ellis C, Leech R, Voytek B, Garces P, Jones E, et al. From mechanisms to markers: novel noninvasive EEG proxy markers of the neural excitation and inhibition system in humans. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12:467.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00744-x","volume":"23","author":"T Donoghue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Donoghue T, Haller M, Peterson EJ, Varma P, Sebastian P, Gao R, et al. Parameterizing neural power spectra into periodic and aperiodic components. Nat Neurosci. 2020;23:1655\u201365.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3791_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.078","volume":"158","author":"R Gao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gao R, Peterson EJ, Voytek B. Inferring synaptic excitation\/inhibition balance from field potentials. NeuroImage. 2017;158:70\u20138.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"3791_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22271","volume":"64","author":"LC Shuffrey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shuffrey LC, Pini N, Potter M, Springer P, Lucchini M, Rayport Y, et al. Aperiodic electrophysiological activity in preterm infants is linked to subsequent autism risk. Developmental Psychobiol. 2022;64:e22271.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiol"},{"key":"3791_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-022-00526-1","volume":"13","author":"V Carter Leno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carter Leno V, Begum-Ali J, Goodwin A, Mason L, Pasco G, Pickles A, et al. Infant excitation\/inhibition balance interacts with executive attention to predict autistic traits in childhood. Mol Autism. 2022;13:46.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"3791_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2016.09.003","volume":"29","author":"CHM Cheung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheung CHM, Bedford R, Johnson MH, Charman T, Gliga T. Visual search performance in infants associates with later ASD diagnosis. Developmental Cogn Neurosci. 2018;29:4\u201310.","journal-title":"Developmental Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3791_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03985-4","volume":"9","author":"P Nystr\u00f6m","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nystr\u00f6m P, Gliga T, Nilsson Jobs E, Gredeb\u00e4ck G, Charman T, Johnson MH, et al. Enhanced pupillary light reflex in infancy is associated with autism diagnosis in toddlerhood. Nat Commun. 2018;9:1678.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3791_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.07.033","volume":"87","author":"SachaB Nelson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nelson SachaB, Valakh V. Excitatory\/inhibitory balance and circuit homeostasis in autism spectrum disorders. Neuron. 2015;87:684\u201398.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3791_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22228","volume":"64","author":"SL Karalunas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karalunas SL, Ostlund BD, Alperin BR, Figuracion M, Gustafsson HC, Deming EM, et al. Electroencephalogram aperiodic power spectral slope can be reliably measured and predicts ADHD risk in early development. Developmental Psychobiol. 2022;64:e22228.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiol"},{"key":"3791_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198705283162204","volume":"316","author":"S Glagov","year":"1987","unstructured":"Glagov S, Weisenberg E, Zarins CK, Stankunavicius R, Kolettis GJ. Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1371\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3791_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1022","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717603115","volume":"115","author":"G Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng G, Ingvalson EM, Grieco-Calub TM, Roberts MY, Ryan ME, Birmingham P, et al. Neural preservation underlies speech improvement from auditory deprivation in young cochlear implant recipients. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2018;115:E1022\u2013E31.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"3791_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197608122950701","volume":"295","author":"G-P Ravelli","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ravelli G-P, Stein ZA, Susser MW. Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Engl J Med. 1976;295:349\u201353.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3791_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04489-1","volume":"50","author":"J Begum Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Begum Ali J, Charman T, Johnson MH, Jones EJH, and the BST. Early motor differences in infants at elevated likelihood of autism spectrum disorder and\/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50:4367\u201384.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"3791_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn W Infant\/Toddler Sensory Profile: User\u2019s Manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 2002.","DOI":"10.1037\/t52636-000"},{"key":"3791_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.61.5.584","volume":"61","author":"A Ben-Sasson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ben-Sasson A, Cermak SA, Orsmond GI, Tager-Flusberg H, Carter AS, Kadlec MB, et al. Extreme sensory modulation behaviors in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Am J Occup Ther. 2007;61:584\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"3791_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/01.IYC.0000264477.05076.5d","volume":"20","author":"W Dunn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dunn W. Supporting children to participate successfully in everyday life by using sensory processing knowledge. Infants Young- Child. 2007;20:84\u2013101.","journal-title":"Infants Young- Child"},{"key":"3791_CR52","unstructured":"Constantino J, Gruber C Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS)-2. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2012."},{"key":"3791_CR53","unstructured":"Achenbach TM, Edelbrock C Child behavior checklist. Burlington (Vt). 1991;7:371-92."},{"key":"3791_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13563","volume":"63","author":"J Begum-Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Begum-Ali J, Goodwin A, Mason L, Pasco G, Charman T, Johnson MH, et al. Altered theta\u2013beta ratio in infancy associates with family history of ADHD and later ADHD-relevant temperamental traits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022;63:1057\u201367.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13941","volume":"65","author":"N Narvekar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Narvekar N, Carter Leno V, Pasco G, Begum Ali J, Johnson MH, Charman T, et al. The roles of sensory hyperreactivity and hyporeactivity in understanding infant fearfulness and emerging autistic traits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2024;65:1022\u201336.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3529","volume":"48","author":"EB Robinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robinson EB, St Pourcain B, Anttila V, Kosmicki JA, Bulik-Sullivan B, Grove J, et al. Genetic risk for autism spectrum disorders and neuropsychiatric variation in the general population. Nat Genet. 2016;48:552\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3791_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.144","volume":"69","author":"S Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m S, Chang Z, R\u00e5stam M, Gillberg C, Larsson H, Anckars\u00e4ter H, et al. Autism spectrum disorders and autisticlike traits: similar etiology in the extreme end and the normal variation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:46\u201352.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02467.x","volume":"53","author":"H Larsson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Larsson H, Anckarsater H, R\u00e5stam M, Chang Z, Lichtenstein P. Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as an extreme of a continuous trait: a quantitative genetic study of 8500 twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53:73\u201380.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04432-4","volume":"50","author":"R Grzadzinski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grzadzinski R, Donovan K, Truong K, Nowell S, Lee H, Sideris J, et al. Sensory reactivity at 1 and 2 years old is associated with ASD severity during the preschool years. J Autism Developmental Disord. 2020;50:3895\u2013904.","journal-title":"J Autism Developmental Disord"},{"key":"3791_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412001071","volume":"25","author":"GT Baranek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baranek GT, Watson LR, Boyd BA, Poe MD, David FJ, McGuire L. Hyporesponsiveness to social and nonsocial sensory stimuli in children with autism, children with developmental delays, and typically developing children. Dev Psychopathol. 2013;25:307\u201320.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"3791_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.04.001","volume":"29","author":"EJH Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones EJH, Dawson G, Webb SJ. Sensory hypersensitivity predicts enhanced attention capture by faces in the early development of ASD. Developmental Cogn Neurosci. 2018;29:11\u201320.","journal-title":"Developmental Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3791_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2021.1889502","volume":"19","author":"J Keating","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keating J, Gaffney R, Bramham J, Downes M. Sensory modulation difficulties and assessment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Eur J Developmental Psychol. 2022;19:110\u201344.","journal-title":"Eur J Developmental Psychol"},{"key":"3791_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13372","volume":"62","author":"MH Johnson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson MH, Charman T, Pickles A, Jones EJH. Annual research review: anterior modifiers in the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders (AMEND)\u2014a systems neuroscience approach to common developmental disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2021;62:610\u201330.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3791_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08002","volume":"459","author":"JA Cardin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cardin JA, Carl\u00e9n M, Meletis K, Knoblich U, Zhang F, Deisseroth K, et al. Driving fast-spiking cells induces gamma rhythm and controls sensory responses. Nature. 2009;459:663\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3791_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03547-x","volume":"21","author":"I Rocco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rocco I, Corso B, Bonati M, Minicuci N. Time of onset and\/or diagnosis of ADHD in European children: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21:575.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03791-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03791-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03791-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T01:02:34Z","timestamp":1766451754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03791-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-025-03791-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3879380\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Prof. Charman has served as a paid consultant to F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Servier. He has received royalties from Sage Publications and Guildford Publications. Prof Pickles receives royalties from the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). All other authors have declared that they have no competing or potential conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"532"}}