{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:58:30Z","timestamp":1788469110012,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AL 1484\/6-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AL 1484\/6-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project-ID 521379614 \u2013 SFB\/TRR 393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project-ID 521379614 \u2013 SFB\/TRR 393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to the diathesis-stress model, genetic liability and environmental exposures interact in the pathogenesis of depression. Polygenic risk scores for depression (PRS\n                      <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) based on large-scale genome-wide association studies have opened new avenues for investigating gene-environment interaction (GxE) beyond candidate gene studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of studies that have taken a polygenic score approach to study GxE interaction effects on depression phenotypes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on a preregistered, systematic literature search according to PRISMA guidelines, 56 studies were considered for qualitative analysis. Respective studies investigated a broad range of adverse and protective environmental exposures across the lifespan, e.g., trauma, stressful life events, social environments and (un)healthy lifestyle factors, using cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      While most studies reported significant main effects of an individual\u2019s PRS\n                      <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                      and different environmental exposures on depression phenotypes, the overall evidence for GxE interactions was considerably heterogeneous. Findings of significant PRS\n                      <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                      xE interactions mostly stem from large cohort studies comprising &gt; 40000 participants, in particular, when recent environmental exposures were considered.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two general conclusions can be drawn from this review. First, PRS\n                      <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                      xE interactions, if at all, add a small amount of explained variance in depression phenotypes to the corresponding additive model and may thus require large samples to be reliably detected. Second, in a considerable number of studies, different environmental exposures were found to depend on an individual\u2019s PRS\n                      <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                      , indicating significant gene-environment correlation. We further discuss limitations, future directions and potential clinical relevance of PRSxE research in depression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03793-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T16:38:43Z","timestamp":1772037523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The predictive value of polygenic risk scores for depression in gene-environment interaction studies: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7736-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Illius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0610-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9717-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7412-0163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"3793_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.10.1552","volume":"157","author":"PF Sullivan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1552\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.033","volume":"81","author":"J Flint","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flint J, Kendler KS. The genetics of major depression. Neuron. 2014;81:1214.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3793_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.3.406","volume":"110","author":"SM Monroe","year":"1991","unstructured":"Monroe SM, Simons AD. Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychol Bull. 1991;110:406\u201325.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"3793_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083968","volume":"301","author":"A Caspi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene. Science. 2003;301:386\u20139.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3793_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.44","volume":"23","author":"RC Culverhouse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Culverhouse RC, Saccone NL, Horton AC, Ma Y, Anstey KJ, Banaschewski T, et al. Collaborative meta-analysis finds no evidence of a strong interaction between stress and 5-HTTLPR genotype contributing to the development of depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23:133\u201342.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3623","volume":"48","author":"CL Hyde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hyde CL, Nagle MW, Tian C, Chen X, Paciga SA, Wendland JR, et al. Identification of 15 genetic loci associated with risk of major depression in individuals of European descent. Nat Genet. 2016;48:1031\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3793_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0090-3","volume":"50","author":"NR Wray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wray NR, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Abdellaoui A, et al. Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nat Genet. 2018;50:668\u201381.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3793_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03819-3","volume":"9","author":"DM Howard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Howard DM, Adams MJ, Shirali M, Clarke TK, Marioni RE, Davies G, et al. Genome-wide association study of depression phenotypes in UK Biobank identifies variants in excitatory synaptic pathways. Nat Commun. 2018;9:1470.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3793_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7","volume":"22","author":"DM Howard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard DM, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, Hafferty JD, Gibson J, Shirali M, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:343\u201352.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3793_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00860-2","volume":"24","author":"DF Levey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Levey DF, Stein MB, Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Zhou H, Aslan M, et al. Bi-ancestral depression GWAS in the Million Veteran Program and meta-analysis in >1.2 million individuals highlight new therapeutic directions. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24:954\u201363.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3793_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0360-y","volume":"9","author":"A Arnau-Soler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnau-Soler A, Macdonald-Dunlop E, Adams MJ, Clarke T-K, MacIntyre DJ, Milburn K, et al. Genome-wide by environment interaction studies of depressive symptoms and psychosocial stress in UK Biobank and generation scotland. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9:14.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22484","volume":"33","author":"EC Dunn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dunn EC, Wiste A, Radmanesh F, Almli LM, Gogarten SM, Sofer T, et al. Genome-Wide association study (GWAS) and genome-wide environment interaction study (GWEIS) of depressive symptoms in African American and hispanic\/latina women. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33:265\u201380.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"3793_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15l10127","volume":"77","author":"M Ikeda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ikeda M, Shimasaki A, Takahashi A, Kondo K, Saito T, Kawase K, et al. Genome-Wide environment interaction between depressive state and stressful life events. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77:e29\u201330.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0353-1","volume":"15","author":"SW Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi SW, Mak TSH, O\u2019Reilly PF. Tutorial: a guide to performing polygenic risk score analyses. Nat Protoc. 2020;15:2759\u201372.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"3793_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.1988","volume":"78","author":"BL Mitchell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mitchell BL, Thorp JG, Wu Y, Campos AI, Nyholt DR, Gordon SD, et al. Polygenic risk scores derived from varying definitions of depression and risk of depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:1152\u201360.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.21","volume":"18","author":"S Ripke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ripke S, Wray NR, Lewis CM, Hamilton SP, Weissman MM, Breen G, et al. A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18:497\u2013511.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02042-5","volume":"12","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Y, Pan C, Cheng S, Li C, Zhang H, Zhang Z, et al. The interaction of early life factors and depression-associated loci affecting the age at onset of the depression. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12:294.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00794-6","volume":"46","author":"J Goltermann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goltermann J, Redlich R, Grotegerd D, Dohm K, Leehr EJ, B\u00f6hnlein J, et al. Childhood maltreatment and cognitive functioning: the role of depression, parental education, and polygenic predisposition. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021;46:891\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3793_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18091014","volume":"176","author":"T Halldorsdottir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Halldorsdottir T, Piechaczek C, Soares de Matos AP, Czamara D, Pehl V, Wagenbuechler P, et al. Polygenic risk: predicting depression outcomes in clinical and epidemiological cohorts of youths. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176:615\u201325.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003007","volume":"53","author":"E Iob","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iob E, Ajnakina O, Steptoe A. The interactive association of adverse childhood experiences and polygenic susceptibility with depressive symptoms and chronic inflammation in older adults: a prospective cohort study. Psychol Med. 2023;53:1426\u201336.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3793_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2148585","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.48585","volume":"5","author":"YY Joo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joo YY, Moon SY, Wang HH, Kim H, Lee EJ, Kim JH, et al. Association of genome-wide polygenic scores for multiple psychiatric and common traits in preadolescent youths at risk of suicide. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2148585.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3793_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4970","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26056","volume":"43","author":"P Kochunov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kochunov P, Ma Y, Hatch KS, Gao S, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, et al. Brain-wide versus genome-wide vulnerability biomarkers for severe mental illnesses. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022;43:4970\u201383.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"3793_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002172","volume":"46","author":"N Mullins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mullins N, Power RA, Fisher HL, Hanscombe KB, Euesden J, Iniesta R, et al. Polygenic interactions with environmental adversity in the aetiology of major depressive disorder. Psychol Med. 2016;46:759\u201370.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3793_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000401","volume":"28","author":"RJ Musci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Musci RJ, Masyn KE, Benke K, Maher B, Uhl G, Ialongo NS. The effects of the interplay of genetics and early environmental risk on the course of internalizing symptoms from late childhood through adolescence. Dev Psychopathol. 2016;28:225\u201337.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"3793_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20060947","volume":"178","author":"MC Pitharouli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pitharouli MC, Hagenaars SP, Glanville KP, Coleman JRI, Hotopf M, Lewis CM, et al. Elevated C-reactive protein in patients with depression, independent of genetic, health, and psychosocial factors: results from the UK Biobank. Am J Psychiatry. 2021;178:522\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.143081","volume":"205","author":"WJ Peyrot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peyrot WJ, Milaneschi Y, Abdellaoui A, Sullivan PF, Hottenga JJ, Boomsma DI, et al. Effect of polygenic risk scores on depression in childhood trauma. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 2014;205:113\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci"},{"key":"3793_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.09.009","volume":"84","author":"WJ Peyrot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peyrot WJ, Van der Auwera S, Milaneschi Y, Dolan CV, Madden PAF, Sullivan PF, et al. Does childhood trauma moderate polygenic risk for depression? a meta-analysis of 5765 subjects from the psychiatric genomics consortium. Biol Psychiatry. 2018;84:138\u201347.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.12.009","volume":"29","author":"RR Sch\u00fcr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcr RR, Schijven D, Boks MP, Rutten BPF, Stein MB, Veldink JH, et al. The effect of genetic vulnerability and military deployment on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;29:405\u201315.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3793_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579423000433","volume":"35","author":"D Smeeth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smeeth D, May AK, Karam EG, Rieder MJ, Elzagallaai AA, Van Uum S, et al. Risk and resilience in Syrian refugee children: a multisystem analysis. Dev Psychopathol. 2023;35:2275\u201387.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"3793_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5038","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01805-2","volume":"27","author":"KS Taylor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taylor KS, Steptoe A, Iob E. The relationship of adverse childhood experiences, hair cortisol, C-reactive protein, and polygenic susceptibility with older adults\u2019 psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:5038\u201348.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02327-3","volume":"13","author":"R Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang R, Lifelines Cohort, Study, Hartman CA, Snieder H. Stress-related exposures amplify the effects of genetic susceptibility on depression and anxiety. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13:27.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.4172","volume":"78","author":"E Agerbo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agerbo E, Trabjerg BB, B\u00f8rglum AD, Schork AJ, Vilhj\u00e1lmsson BJ, Pedersen CB, et al. Risk of early-onset depression associated with polygenic liability, parental psychiatric history, and socioeconomic status. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:387\u201397.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-021-10085-5","volume":"52","author":"JM Armitage","year":"2022","unstructured":"Armitage JM, Wang RAH, Davis OSP, Haworth CMA. A polygenic approach to understanding resilience to peer victimisation. Behav Genet. 2022;52:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"3793_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02367-9","volume":"13","author":"M Kosciuszko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kosciuszko M, Steptoe A, Ajnakina O. Genetic propensity, socioeconomic status, and trajectories of depression over a course of 14 years in older adults. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13:68.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.10.016","volume":"87","author":"K Lehto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lehto K, H\u00e4gg S, Lu D, Karlsson R, Pedersen NL, Mosing MA. Childhood adoption and mental health in adulthood: the role of gene-environment correlations and interactions in the UK Biobank. Biol Psychiatry. 2020;87:708\u201316.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01353-4","volume":"50","author":"SA Nelemans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nelemans SA, Boks M, Lin B, Oldehinkel T, van Lier P, Branje S, et al. Polygenic risk for major depression interacts with parental criticism in predicting adolescent depressive symptom development. J Youth Adolesc. 2021;50:159\u201376.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"3793_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13706","volume":"64","author":"LC Perret","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perret LC, Boivin M, Morneau-Vaillancourt G, Andlauer TFM, Paquin S, Langevin S, et al. Polygenic risk score and peer victimisation independently predict depressive symptoms in adolescence: results from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Children Development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2023;64:388\u201396.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01650-x","volume":"11","author":"X Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang X, Yan H, Yu H, Zhao X, Shah S, Dong Z, et al. Childhood urbanicity interacts with polygenic risk for depression to affect stress-related medial prefrontal function. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:522.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24722","volume":"98","author":"H Acosta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Acosta H, Kantojarvi K, Tuulari JJ, Lewis JD, Hashempour N, Scheinin NM, et al. Sex-specific association between infant caudate volumes and a polygenic risk score for major depressive disorder. J Neurosci Res. 2020;98:2529\u201340.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"3793_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6121","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa158","volume":"30","author":"H Acosta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Acosta H, Kantoj\u00e4rvi K, Hashempour N, Pelto J, Scheinin NM, Lehtola SJ, et al. Partial support for an interaction between a polygenic risk score for major depressive disorder and prenatal maternal depressive symptoms on infant right amygdalar volumes. Cereb Cortex. 2020;30:6121\u201334.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"3793_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx065","volume":"27","author":"A Qiu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qiu A, Shen M, Buss C, Chong YS, Kwek K, Saw SM, et al. Effects of antenatal maternal depressive symptoms and socio-economic status on neonatal brain development are modulated by genetic risk. Cereb Cortex. 2017;27:3080\u201392.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"3793_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.005","volume":"265","author":"MJ Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang MJ, Dunn EC, Okereke OI, Kraft P, Zhu Y, Smoller JW. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and offspring risk of childhood\/adolescent depression: results from the avon longitudinal study of parents and children (ALSPAC). J Affect Disord. 2020;265:255\u201362.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3793_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.08.018","volume":"63","author":"LM Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen LM, Pokhvisneva I, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Kvist T, Baldwin JR, Parent C, et al. Independent prediction of child psychiatric symptoms by maternal mental health and child polygenic risk scores. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2024;63:640\u201351.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0356-7","volume":"9","author":"A Arnau-Soler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnau-Soler A, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, MacIntyre DJ, Milburn K, Navrady L, et al. A validation of the diathesis-stress model for depression in Generation Scotland. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9:25.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719000527","volume":"50","author":"KW Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi KW, Chen CY, Ursano RJ, Sun X, Jain S, Kessler RC, et al. Prospective study of polygenic risk, protective factors, and incident depression following combat deployment in US Army soldiers. Psychol Med. 2020;50:737\u201345.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3793_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16111209","volume":"174","author":"BW Domingue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Domingue BW, Liu H, Okbay A, Belsky DW. Genetic heterogeneity in depressive symptoms following the death of a spouse: polygenic score analysis of the U.S. health and retirement study. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:963\u201370.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0759-3","volume":"4","author":"Y Fang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fang Y, Scott L, Song P, Burmeister M, Sen S. Genomic prediction of depression risk and resilience under stress. Nat Hum Behav. 2020;4:111\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"3793_CR48","first-page":"813","volume":"140","author":"JP Hayes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayes JP, Logue MW, Sadeh N, Spielberg JM, Verfaellie M, Hayes SM, et al. Mild traumatic brain injury is associated with reduced cortical thickness in those at risk for alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain J Neurol. 2017;140:813\u201325.","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol"},{"key":"3793_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002839","volume":"45","author":"KL Musliner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Musliner KL, Seifuddin F, Judy JA, Pirooznia M, Goes FS, Zandi PP. Polygenic risk, stressful life events and depressive symptoms in older adults: a polygenic score analysis. Psychol Med. 2015;45:1709\u201320.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3793_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2305779120","volume":"120","author":"CA Turner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Turner CA, Khalil H, Murphy-Weinberg V, Hagenauer MH, Gates L, Tang Y, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on a college freshman sample reveals genetic and nongenetic forms of susceptibility and resilience to stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2023;120:e2305779120.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"3793_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.21111100","volume":"180","author":"JL Cleary","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cleary JL, Fang Y, Zahodne LB, Bohnert ASB, Burmeister M, Sen S. Polygenic risk and social support in predicting depression under stress. Am J Psychiatry. 2023;180:139\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12872","volume":"22","author":"HL Peter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peter HL, Giglberger M, Streit F, Frank J, Kreuzpointner L, Rietschel M, et al. Association of polygenic scores for depression and neuroticism with perceived stress in daily life during a long-lasting stress period. Genes Brain Behav. 2023;22:e12872.","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav"},{"key":"3793_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.1.140","volume":"21","author":"JT Cacioppo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cacioppo JT, Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychol Aging. 2006;21:140\u201351.","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"3793_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.130","volume":"23","author":"L Colodro-Conde","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colodro-Conde L, Couvy-Duchesne B, Zhu G, Coventry WL, Byrne EM, Gordon S, et al. A direct test of the diathesis\u2013stress model for depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23:1590\u20136.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.10.017","volume":"279","author":"A Giannelis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giannelis A, Palmos A, Hagenaars SP, Breen G, Lewis CM, Mutz J. Examining the association between family status and depression in the UK Biobank. J Affect Disord. 2021;279:585\u201398.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3793_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13049-9","volume":"12","author":"OD Steen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steen OD, Ori APS, Wardenaar KJ, van Loo HM. Loneliness associates strongly with anxiety and depression during the COVID pandemic, especially in men and younger adults. Sci Rep. 2022;12:9517.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3793_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2020.02.011","volume":"28","author":"N Stringa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stringa N, Milaneschi Y, van Schoor NM, Suanet B, van der Lee S, Holstege H, et al. Genetic liability for depression, social factors and their interaction effect in depressive symptoms and depression over time in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28:844\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01306-w","volume":"11","author":"Z Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao Z, Yang H, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Zhao H, et al. Polygenic risk score, healthy lifestyles, and risk of incident depression. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:189.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22967","volume":"37","author":"KW Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi KW, Zheutlin AB, Karlson RA, Wang MJ, Dunn EC, Stein MB, et al. Physical activity offsets genetic risk for incident depression assessed via electronic health records in a biobank cohort study. Depress Anxiety. 2020;37:106\u201314.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"3793_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.134","volume":"354","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Yang H, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Lin J, Wang Y. Night shift work, genetic risk, and the risk of depression: a prospective cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2024;354:735\u201342.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3793_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02338-0","volume":"13","author":"J Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin J, Yang H, Zhang Y, Cao Z, Li D, Sun L, et al. Association of time spent in outdoor light and genetic risk with the incidence of depression. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13:40.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158001","volume":"850","author":"Z Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu Z, Liu Q, Liang J, Weng Z, Li W, Xu J, et al. Air pollution, genetic factors and the risk of depression. Sci Total Environ. 2022;850:158001.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"3793_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02308-6","volume":"13","author":"LW Wesseldijk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wesseldijk LW, Lu Y, Karlsson R, Ull\u00e9n F, Mosing MA. A comprehensive investigation into the genetic relationship between music engagement and mental health. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13:15.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0546-6","volume":"25","author":"JRI Coleman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coleman JRI, Peyrot WJ, Purves KL, Davis KAS, Rayner C, Choi SW, et al. Genome-wide gene-environment analyses of major depressive disorder and reported lifetime traumatic experiences in UK Biobank. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:1430\u201346.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01009-8","volume":"10","author":"J Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez J, Ram\u00edrez J, Howard DM, Brennan CH, Munroe PB, Keers R. The effects of polygenic risk for psychiatric disorders and smoking behaviour on psychotic experiences in UK Biobank. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10:330.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17060621","volume":"175","author":"RE Peterson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peterson RE, Cai N, Dahl AW, Bigdeli TB, Edwards AC, Webb BT, et al. Molecular genetic analysis subdivided by adversity exposure suggests etiologic heterogeneity in major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175:545\u201354.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12843","volume":"137","author":"R Polimanti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Polimanti R, Kaufman J, Zhao H, Kranzler HR, Ursano RJ, Kessler RC, et al. Trauma exposure interacts with the genetic risk of bipolar disorder in alcohol misuse of US soldiers. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018;137:148\u201356.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"3793_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001410","volume":"53","author":"KL Musliner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Musliner KL, Andersen KK, Agerbo E, Albi\u00f1ana C, Vilhjalmsson BJ, Rajagopal VM, et al. Polygenic liability, stressful life events and risk for secondary-treated depression in early life: a nationwide register-based case-cohort study. Psychol Med. 2021;53:217\u201326.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3793_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115101","volume":"321","author":"JG Thorp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thorp JG, Gerring ZF, Colodro-Conde L, Byrne EM, Medland SE, Middeldorp CM, et al. The association between trauma exposure, polygenic risk and individual depression symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 2023;321:115101.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3793_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.12.014","volume":"158","author":"RK Lipsky","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lipsky RK, Garrett ME, Dennis MF, Hauser MA, Beckham JC, Ashley-Koch AE, et al. Impact of traumatic life events and polygenic risk scores for major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder on Iraq\/Afghanistan Veterans. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;158:15\u20139.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3793_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.84.2.309","volume":"84","author":"R Plomin","year":"1977","unstructured":"Plomin R, DeFries JC, Loehlin JC. Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior. Psychol Bull. 1977;84:309\u201322.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"3793_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706009524","volume":"37","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Baker JH. Genetic influences on measures of the environment: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2007;37:615\u201326.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3793_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1375\/136905202762342026","volume":"5","author":"S Purcell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Purcell S. Variance components models for gene-environment interaction in twin analysis. Twin Res. 2002;5:554\u201371.","journal-title":"Twin Res"},{"key":"3793_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3793_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02998-6","volume":"14","author":"NT Sharew","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharew NT, Clark SR, Schubert KO, Amare AT. Pharmacogenomic scores in psychiatry: systematic review of current evidence. Transl Psychiatry. 2024;14:322.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3552","volume":"48","author":"A Okbay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Okbay A, Baselmans BML, De Neve JE, Turley P, Nivard MG, Fontana MA, et al. Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses. Nat Genet. 2016;48:624\u201333.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3793_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0594-5","volume":"52","author":"N Cai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai N, Revez JA, Adams MJ, Andlauer TFM, Breen G, Byrne EM, et al. Minimal phenotyping yields genome-wide association signals of low specificity for major depression. Nat Genet. 2020;52:437\u201347.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3793_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2021.11.008","volume":"109","author":"F Priv\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Priv\u00e9 F, Aschard H, Carmi S, Folkersen L, Hoggart C, O\u2019Reilly PF, et al. Portability of 245 polygenic scores when derived from the UK Biobank and applied to 9 ancestry groups from the same cohort. Am J Hum Genet. 2022;109:12\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"3793_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-017-0009-4","volume":"50","author":"P Turley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turley P, Walters RK, Maghzian O, Okbay A, Lee JJ, Fontana MA, et al. Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG. Nat Genet. 2018;50:229\u201337.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3793_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01119-3","volume":"5","author":"J Becker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Becker J, Burik CAP, Goldman G, Wang N, Jayashankar H, Bennett M, et al. Resource profile and user guide of the polygenic index repository. Nat Hum Behav. 2021;5:1744\u201358.","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"3793_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02317-2","volume":"9","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Zheng Z, Zhang F, Wu Y, Trzaskowski M, Maier R, et al. Causal associations between risk factors and common diseases inferred from GWAS summary data. Nat Commun. 2018;9:224.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3793_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115550","volume":"330","author":"MC Misztal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Misztal MC, Tio ES, Mohan A, Felsky D. Interactions between genetic risk for 21 neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and sport activity on youth mental health. Psychiatry Res. 2023;330:115550.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3793_CR83","first-page":"26","volume":"117","author":"BRH Van den Bergh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van den Bergh BRH, van den Heuvel MI, Lahti M, Braeken M, de Rooij SR, Entringer S, et al. Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: The influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Prenat Stress Brain Disord Later Life. 2020;117:26\u201364.","journal-title":"Prenat Stress Brain Disord Later Life"},{"key":"3793_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.010330","volume":"7","author":"MA Pet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pet MA, Brouwer-Brolsma EM. The impact of maternal vitamin d status on offspring brain development and function: a systematic review. Adv Nutr. 2016;7:665\u201378.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"3793_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.6.837","volume":"156","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:837\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00525.x","volume":"16","author":"J Belsky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH. For better and for worse: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2007;16:300\u20134.","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"3793_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solmi F, Dykxhoorn J, Kirkbride JB. Urban-rural differences in major mental health conditions. In: Mental health and illness in the city. New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media; 2017; 27\u2013132.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2327-9_7"},{"key":"3793_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214256","volume":"75","author":"ER Sund","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sund ER, Van Lenthe FJ, Avendano M, Raina P, Krokstad S. Does urbanicity modify the relationship between a polygenic risk score for depression and mental health symptoms? Cross-sectional evidence from the observational HUNT Study in Norway. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2021;75:420\u20135.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"3793_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.6.833","volume":"152","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Walters EE, MacLean C, Neale MC, Heath AC, et al. Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:833\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01288-9","volume":"11","author":"J Werme","year":"2021","unstructured":"Werme J, Van Der Sluis S, Posthuma D, De Leeuw CA. Genome-wide gene-environment interactions in neuroticism: an exploratory study across 25 environments. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:180.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13657","volume":"63","author":"S Machlitt-Northen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Machlitt-Northen S, Keers R, Munroe PB, Howard DM, Trubetskoy V, Pluess M. Polygenic scores for schizophrenia and major depression are associated with psychosocial risk factors in children: evidence of gene\u2013environment correlation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022;63:1140\u201352.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000757","volume":"131","author":"C Feurer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feurer C, McGeary JE, Brick LA, Knopik VS, Carper MM, Palmer RHC, et al. Associations between depression-relevant genetic risk and youth stress exposure: evidence of gene\u2013environment correlations. J Psychopathol Clin Sci. 2022;131:457\u201366.","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Clin Sci"},{"key":"3793_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0706-0","volume":"10","author":"S Dalvie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dalvie S, Maihofer AX, Coleman JRI, Bradley B, Breen G, Brick LA, et al. Genomic influences on self-reported childhood maltreatment. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10:38.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30569-1","volume":"8","author":"V Warrier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Warrier V, Kwong ASF, Luo M, Dalvie S, Croft J, Sallis HM, et al. Gene\u2013environment correlations and causal effects of childhood maltreatment on physical and mental health: a genetically informed approach. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8:373\u201386.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798008198","volume":"29","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. The assessment of dependence in the study of stressful life events: validation using a twin design. Psychol Med. 1999;29:1455\u201360.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3793_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001175","volume":"35","author":"J Goltermann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goltermann J, Meinert S, H\u00fclsmann C, Dohm K, Grotegerd D, Redlich R, et al. Temporal stability and state-dependence of retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment in healthy and depressed adults. Psychol Assess. 2023;35:12\u201322.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"3793_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-020-10122-3","volume":"44","author":"D Colombo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colombo D, Suso-Ribera C, Fern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1lvarez J, Cipresso P, Garcia-Palacios A, Riva G, et al. Affect recall bias: being resilient by distorting reality. Cogn Ther Res. 2020;44:906\u201318.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"3793_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0017-9","volume":"20","author":"SJ Sanders","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sanders SJ, Neale BM, Huang H, Werling DM, An JY, Dong S, et al. Whole genome sequencing in psychiatric disorders: the WGSPD consortium. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20:1661\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3793_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.03.024","volume":"95","author":"N Kappelmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kappelmann N, Czamara D, Rost N, Moser S, Schmoll V, Trastulla L, et al. Polygenic risk for immuno-metabolic markers and specific depressive symptoms: a multi-sample network analysis study. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;95:256\u201368.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3793_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2305773120","volume":"120","author":"S Penner-Goeke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Penner-Goeke S, Bothe M, Rek N, Kreitmaier P, P\u00f6hlchen D, K\u00fchnel A, et al. High-throughput screening of glucocorticoid-induced enhancer activity reveals mechanisms of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2023;120:e2305773120.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"3793_CR101","first-page":"621","volume":"86","author":"PM Miguel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miguel PM, Pereira LO, Barth B, de Mendon\u00e7a Filho EJ, Pokhvisneva I, Nguyen TTT, et al. Prefrontal cortex dopamine transporter gene network moderates the effect of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic conditions on cognitive flexibility and brain gray matter density in children. atten.-deficithyperactivity. Disord Genes Symptoms. 2019;86:621\u201330.","journal-title":"Disord Genes Symptoms"},{"key":"3793_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01533-7","volume":"27","author":"JM Restrepo-Lozano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Restrepo-Lozano JM, Pokhvisneva I, Wang Z, Patel S, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP, et al. Corticolimbic DCC gene co-expression networks as predictors of impulsivity in children. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:2742\u201350.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3793_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acosta H, Kantoj\u00e4rvi K, Tuulari JJ, Lewis JD, Hashempour N, Scheinin NM, et al. Association of cumulative prenatal adversity with infant subcortical structure volumes and child problem behavior and its moderation by a coexpression polygenic risk score of the serotonin system. Dev Psychopathol 2023;1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579423000275"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03793-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03793-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03793-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T14:03:21Z","timestamp":1772633001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-025-03793-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-025-03793-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"121"}}