{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:35:48Z","timestamp":1780925748979,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by a grant from the Foundation of Hope, Raleigh, NC, USA."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-026-03834-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T11:35:09Z","timestamp":1769859309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Brexanolone infusion produces sustained anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic effects in patients with postpartum depression that predict symptom improvement"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Balan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia Isabel Sousa","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Krohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8723-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd K.","family":"O\u2019Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-4092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Meltzer-Brody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Leslie","family":"Morrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riah","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"3834_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/mhw.31830","volume":"29","author":"VA Canady","year":"2019","unstructured":"Canady VA. FDA approves first drug for postpartum depression treatment. Mental Health Weekly. 2019;29:6 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mhw.31830.","journal-title":"Mental Health Weekly"},{"key":"3834_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31264-3","volume":"390","author":"S Kanes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kanes S, Colquhoun H, Gunduz-Bruce H, Raines S, Arnold R, Schacterle A, et al. Brexanolone (SAGE-547 injection) in post-partum depression: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;390:480\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31264-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3834_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31551-4","volume":"392","author":"S Meltzer-Brody","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meltzer-Brody S, Colquhoun H, Riesenberg R, Epperson CN, Deligiannidis KM, Rubinow DR, et al. Brexanolone injection in post-partum depression: two multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2018;392:1058\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31551-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3834_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2021.08.001","volume":"63","author":"R Patterson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patterson R, Krohn H, Richardson E, Kimmel M, Meltzer-Brody S. A brexanolone treatment program at an academic medical center: patient selection, 90-day posttreatment outcomes, and lessons learned. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2022;63:14\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaclp.2021.08.001.","journal-title":"J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry"},{"key":"3834_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01721-1","volume":"49","author":"R Patterson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patterson R, Balan I, Morrow AL, Meltzer-Brody S. Novel neurosteroid therapeutics for post-partum depression: perspectives on clinical trials, program development, active research, and future directions. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2024;49:67\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-023-01721-1.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3834_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.11.006","volume":"91","author":"AL Morrow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morrow AL, Balan I, Boero G. Mechanisms underlying recovery from postpartum depression following brexanolone therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 2022;91:252\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.11.006.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3834_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081134","volume":"12","author":"G Boero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boero G, Tyler RE, O\u2019Buckley TK, Balan I, Besheer J, Morrow AL. (3alpha,5alpha)3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one (3alpha,5alpha-THP) regulation of the HPA axis in the context of different stressors and sex. Biomolecules. 2022;12:1134 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12081134.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"3834_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940095","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.940095","volume":"13","author":"I Balan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Balan I, Aurelian L, Williams KS, Campbell B, Meeker RB, Morrow AL. Inhibition of human macrophage activation via pregnane neurosteroid interactions with toll-like receptors: Sex differences and structural requirements. Front Immunol. 2022;13:940095 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.940095.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3834_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01266-1","volume":"11","author":"I Balan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balan I, Aurelian L, Schleicher R, Boero G, O\u2019Buckley T, Morrow AL. Neurosteroid allopregnanolone (3alpha,5alpha-THP) inhibits inflammatory signals induced by activated MyD88-dependent toll-like receptors. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01266-1.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3834_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37409-6","volume":"9","author":"I Balan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balan I, Beattie MC, O\u2019Buckley TK, Aurelian L, Morrow AL. Endogenous Neurosteroid (3\u03b1,5\u03b1)3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one inhibits toll-like-4 receptor activation and pro-inflammatory signaling in macrophages and brain. Sci Rep. 2019;9:1220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-37409-6.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3834_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3390\/life14050582","volume":"14","author":"I Balan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Balan I, Boero G, Ch\u00e9ry SL, McFarland MH, Lopez AG, Morrow AL. Neuroactive steroids, toll-like receptors, and neuroimmune regulation: insights into their impact on neuropsychiatric disorders. Life (Basel). 2024;14:582 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14050582.","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"3834_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105558","volume":"158","author":"AL Morrow","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morrow AL, Boero G, Balan I. Emerging evidence for endogenous neurosteroid modulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways that impact neuropsychiatric disease. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2024;158:105558 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105558.","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"3834_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(92)90025-A","volume":"38","author":"MD Majewska","year":"1992","unstructured":"Majewska MD. Neurosteroids: endogenous bimodal modulators of the GABAA receptor. mechanism of action and physiological significance. Prog Neurobiol. 1992;38:379\u201395.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"3834_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.005543","volume":"294","author":"S Murugan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murugan S, Jakka P, Namani S, Mujumdar V, Radhakrishnan G. The neurosteroid pregnenolone promotes degradation of key proteins in the innate immune signaling to suppress inflammation. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2019;294:4596\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.RA118.005543.","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"3834_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15404","volume":"48","author":"SL Ch\u00e9ry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ch\u00e9ry SL, O\u2019Buckley TK, Boero G, Balan I, Morrow AL. Neurosteroid [3\u03b1,5\u03b1]3-hydroxypregnan-20-one inhibition of chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in alcohol-preferring rat brain neurons, microglia, and astroglia. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken). 2024;48:1693\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.15404.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"3834_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299420","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1299420","volume":"14","author":"I Balan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balan I, Grusca A, O\u2019Buckley TK, Morrow AL. Neurosteroid [3\u03b1,5\u03b1]-3-hydroxy-pregnan-20-one enhances IL-10 production via endosomal TRIF-dependent TLR4 signaling pathway. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1299420 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1299420.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"3834_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14111441","volume":"14","author":"AG Lopez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lopez AG, Chirasani VR, Balan I, O\u2019Buckley TK, Adelman MR, Morrow AL. Novel inhibitory actions of neuroactive steroid [3\u03b1,5\u03b1]-3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one on toll-like receptor 4-dependent neuroimmune signaling. Biomolecules. 2024;14:1441 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14111441.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"3834_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.3390\/life14070860","volume":"14","author":"I Balan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Balan I, Grusca A, Ch\u00e9ry SL, Materia BR, O\u2019Buckley TK, Morrow AL. Neurosteroid [3\u03b1,5\u03b1]-3-Hydroxy-pregnan-20-one Enhances the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 pathway in the brain of alcohol-preferring rats with sex-specificity. Life (Basel). 2024;14:860 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14070860.","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"3834_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0304481","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304481","volume":"19","author":"Y Izumi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Izumi Y, O\u2019Dell KA, Cashikar AG, Paul SM, Covey DF, Mennerick SJ, et al. Neurosteroids mediate and modulate the effects of pro-inflammatory stimulation and toll-like receptors on hippocampal plasticity and learning. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0304481 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0304481.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3834_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104473","volume":"89","author":"I Balan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balan I, Patterson R, Boero G, Krohn H, O\u2019Buckley TK, Meltzer-Brody S, et al. Brexanolone therapeutics in post-partum depression involves inhibition of systemic inflammatory pathways. EBioMedicine. 2023;89:104473 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104473.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"3834_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.10.017","volume":"83","author":"E Achtyes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Achtyes E, Keaton SA, Smart L, Burmeister AR, Heilman PL, Krzyzanowski S, et al. Inflammation and kynurenine pathway dysregulation in post-partum women with severe and suicidal depression. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;83:239\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.10.017.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3834_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800408323220","volume":"10","author":"EJ Corwin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Corwin EJ, Johnston N, Pugh L. Symptoms of postpartum depression associated with elevated levels of interleukin-1 beta during the first month postpartum. Biol Res Nurs. 2008;10:128\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1099800408323220.","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"},{"key":"3834_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666x.2024.2420053","volume":"21","author":"HA Drexhage","year":"2025","unstructured":"Drexhage HA, Bergink V, Poletti S, Benedetti F, Osborne LM. Conventional and new immunotherapies for immune system dysregulation in postpartum mood disorders: comparisons to immune system dysregulations in bipolar disorder, major depression, and postpartum autoimmune thyroid disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2025;21:113\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1744666x.2024.2420053.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"3834_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.09.002","volume":"32","author":"G Naert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Naert G, Maurice T, Tapia-Arancibia L, Givalois L. Neuroactive steroids modulate HPA axis activity and cerebral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in adult male rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007;32:1062\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.09.002.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3834_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2011.00073","volume":"2","author":"MS Nin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nin MS, Martinez LA, Pibiri F, Nelson M, Pinna G. Neurosteroids reduce social isolation-induced behavioral deficits: a proposed link with neurosteroid-mediated upregulation of BDNF expression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2011;2:73 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2011.00073.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"3834_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42676","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042676","volume":"7","author":"T Yoshida","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoshida T, Ishikawa M, Niitsu T, Nakazato M, Watanabe H, Shiraishi T, et al. Decreased serum levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but not its precursor proBDNF, in patients with major depressive disorder. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e42676 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0042676.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3834_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.03.002","volume":"150","author":"L Zhou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhou L, Xiong J, Lim Y, Ruan Y, Huang C, Zhu Y, et al. Upregulation of blood proBDNF and its receptors in major depression. J Affect Disord. 2013;150:776\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2013.03.002.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3834_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.105","volume":"19","author":"ML Molendijk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Molendijk ML, Spinhoven P, Polak M, Bus BAA, Penninx BWJH, Elzinga BM. Serum BDNF concentrations as peripheral manifestations of depression: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analyses on 179 associations (N=9484). Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19:791\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2013.105.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3834_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102333","volume":"217","author":"J Leschik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leschik J, Gentile A, Cicek C, P\u00e9ron S, Tevosian M, Beer A, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in serotonergic neurons improves stress resilience and promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Prog Neurobiol. 2022;217:102333 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102333.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"3834_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4214-0","volume":"233","author":"A Bhattacharya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhattacharya A, Derecki NC, Lovenberg TW, Drevets WC. Role of neuro-immunological factors in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016;233:1623\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-016-4214-0.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"3834_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297","volume":"9","author":"R Dantzer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dantzer R, O\u2019Connor JC, Freund GG, Johnson RW, Kelley KW. From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9:46\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2297.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"3834_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b","volume":"71","author":"MB Howren","year":"2009","unstructured":"Howren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2009;71:171\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"3834_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.04.049","volume":"240","author":"HS Rizavi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rizavi HS, Ren X, Zhang H, Bhaumik R, Pandey GN. Abnormal gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and their membrane-bound receptors in the lymphocytes of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 2016;240:314\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.04.049.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3834_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.11.003","volume":"58","author":"S Sugama","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sugama S, Conti B. Interleukin-18 and stress. Brain Res Rev. 2008;58:85\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.11.003.","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"3834_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05639-w","volume":"24","author":"F Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu F, Yang Y, Fan X-W, Zhang N, Wang S, Shi Y-J, et al. Impacts of inflammatory cytokines on depression: a cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2024;24:195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-024-05639-w.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3834_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10357","volume":"477","author":"SA Villeda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Villeda SA, Luo J, Mosher KI, Zou B, Britschgi M, Bieri G, et al. The ageing systemic milieu negatively regulates neurogenesis and cognitive function. Nature. 2011;477:90\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10357.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3834_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.5","volume":"16","author":"AH Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller AH, Raison CL. The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:22\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2015.5.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"3834_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2010.07.001","volume":"32","author":"W Rost\u00e8ne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rost\u00e8ne W, Guyon A, Kular L, Godefroy D, Barbieri F, Bajetto A, et al. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: new actors in neuroendocrine regulations. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2011;32:10\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yfrne.2010.07.001.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"3834_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.022","volume":"50","author":"M Dougan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dougan M, Dranoff G, Dougan SK. GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 family of cytokines: regulators of inflammation. Immunity. 2019;50:796\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.022.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"3834_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.01.004","volume":"26","author":"LM Bradley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bradley LM, Haynes L, Swain SL. IL-7: maintaining T-cell memory and achieving homeostasis. Trends Immunol. 2005;26:172\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2005.01.004.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"3834_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16364-3","volume":"12","author":"JL Kruse","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kruse JL, Boyle CC, Olmstead R, Breen EC, Tye SJ, Eisenberger NI, et al. Interleukin-8 and depressive responses to an inflammatory challenge: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2022;12:12627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-16364-3.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3834_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284304","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1284304","volume":"14","author":"Y Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu Y, Zhang P, Xu F, Zheng Y, Zhao H. Advances in the study of IL-17 in neurological diseases and mental disorders. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1284304 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1284304.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"3834_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.08.001","volume":"69","author":"E Beurel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beurel E, Lowell JA. Th17 cells in depression. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;69:28\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.08.001.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3834_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.07.010","volume":"97","author":"E Castr\u00e9n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Castr\u00e9n E, Kojima M. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in mood disorders and antidepressant treatments. Neurobiol Dis. 2017;97:119\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.07.010.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"3834_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200839066","volume":"39","author":"R Spolski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Spolski R, Leonard WJ. Cytokine mediators of Th17 function. Eur J Immunol. 2009;39:658\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.200839066.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"3834_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632891","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1632891","volume":"16","author":"A Lopez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lopez A, Chirasani V, Balan I, Morrow AL. Structural modifications to pregnane neurosteroids alter inhibition of LPS\/Lipid A binding at the MD-2 activation site within the TLR4 signaling complex. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1632891 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1632891.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3834_CR47","volume-title":"Assessment of Depression","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hamilton M The hamilton rating scale for depression. In: Assessment of Depression. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; 1986."},{"key":"3834_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/mps8030046","volume":"8","author":"I Balan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Balan I, Lopez AG, Morrow AL. Multiplex immunoassay for biomarker profiling of whole blood cell lysates and supernatants and pathogen response in neat whole blood cultures. Methods and Protocols. 2025;8:46.","journal-title":"Methods and Protocols"},{"key":"3834_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70088","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.70088","volume":"30","author":"I Balan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Balan I, Lopez AG, Gilmore T, Bremmer M, O\u2019Buckley TK, Xia K, et al. Identification of interleukin-1\u03b2 in whole blood as a candidate biomarker for alcohol use disorder risk based on AUDIT scores. Addict Biol. 2025;30:e70088 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.70088.","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"3834_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613072","volume":"87","author":"H Fujimura","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fujimura H, Altar CA, Chen R, Nakamura T, Nakahashi T, Kambayashi J, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is stored in human platelets and released by agonist stimulation. Thromb Haemost. 2002;87:728\u201334.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"3834_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.002","volume":"26","author":"M Lommatzsch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lommatzsch M, Zingler D, Schuhbaeck K, Schloetcke K, Zingler C, Schuff-Werner P, et al. The impact of age, weight and gender on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma. Neurobiol Aging. 2005;26:115\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.002.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"3834_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3908(98)00141-5","volume":"37","author":"W Pan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pan W, Banks WA, Fasold MB, Bluth J, Kastin AJ. Transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor across the blood-brain barrier. Neuropharmacology. 1998;37:1553\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0028-3908(98)00141-5.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"3834_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(02)00529-3","volume":"328","author":"F Karege","year":"2002","unstructured":"Karege F, Schwald M, Cisse M. Postnatal developmental profile of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat brain and platelets. Neurosci Lett. 2002;328:261\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0304-3940(02)00529-3.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"3834_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-017-0545-3","volume":"8","author":"M Roy-O\u2019Reilly","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roy-O\u2019Reilly M, Ritzel RM, Conway SE, Staff I, Fortunato G, McCullough LD. CCL11 (Eotaxin-1) levels predict long-term functional outcomes in patients following ischemic stroke. Transl Stroke Res. 2017;8:578\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12975-017-0545-3.","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"3834_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391","volume":"4","author":"S Akira","year":"2004","unstructured":"Akira S, Takeda K. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4:499\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri1391.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"3834_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2016.807","volume":"6","author":"RK Farooq","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farooq RK, Asghar K, Kanwal S, Zulqernain A. Role of inflammatory cytokines in depression: focus on interleukin-1\u03b2. Biomed Rep. 2017;6:15\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/br.2016.807.","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"3834_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.01.004","volume":"87","author":"S Murata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murata S, Murphy M, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J, Welborn A, Halaris A. Effects of adjunctive inflammatory modulation on IL-1\u03b2 in treatment resistant bipolar depression. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:369\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.01.004.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3834_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244x-12-2","volume":"12","author":"AP Elomaa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elomaa AP, Niskanen L, Herzig KH, Viinam\u00e4ki H, Hintikka J, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, et al. Elevated levels of serum IL-5 are associated with an increased likelihood of major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244x-12-2.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3834_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.02.010","volume":"87","author":"EF Osimo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Osimo EF, Pillinger T, Rodriguez IM, Khandaker GM, Pariante CM, Howes OD. Inflammatory markers in depression: A meta-analysis of mean differences and variability in 5166 patients and 5083 controls. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:901\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.02.010.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3834_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204512532091665","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125320916655","volume":"10","author":"S Anjum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anjum S, Qusar MMAS, Shahriar M, Islam SMA, Bhuiyan MA, Islam MR. Altered serum interleukin-7 and interleukin-10 are associated with drug-free major depressive disorder. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2020;10:2045125320916655 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2045125320916655.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3834_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2023.100610","volume":"14","author":"K Bli\u017aniewska-Kowalska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bli\u017aniewska-Kowalska K, Halaris A, Ga\u0142ecki P, Ga\u0142ecka M. Role of interleukin 17 (IL-17) in the inflammatory hypothesis of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 2023;14:100610 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadr.2023.100610.","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports"},{"key":"3834_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007659","volume":"4","author":"IH Jonsdottir","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jonsdottir IH, H\u00e4gg DA, Glise K, Ekman R. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and growth factors called into question as markers of prolonged psychosocial stress. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e7659 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0007659.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3834_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aaf1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098","volume":"352","author":"MG Netea","year":"2016","unstructured":"Netea MG, Joosten LAB, Latz E, Mills KHG, Natoli G, Stunnenberg HG, et al. Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease. Science. 2016;352:aaf1098 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaf1098.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3834_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251086","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251086","volume":"345","author":"S Saeed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saeed S, Quintin J, Kerstens HH, Rao NA, Aghajanirefah A, Matarese F, et al. Epigenetic programming of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and trained innate immunity. Science. 2014;345:1251086 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1251086.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3834_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05836","volume":"447","author":"SL Foster","year":"2007","unstructured":"Foster SL, Hargreaves DC, Medzhitov R. Gene-specific control of inflammation by TLR-induced chromatin modifications. Nature. 2007;447:972\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05836.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3834_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.09.034","volume":"167","author":"B Novakovic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Novakovic B, Habibi E, Wang SY, Arts RJW, Davar R, Megchelenbrink W, et al. \u03b2-Glucan reverses the epigenetic state of LPS-induced immunological tolerance. Cell. 2016;167:1354\u201368.e14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2016.09.034.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3834_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32198","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M803446200","volume":"283","author":"M El Gazzar","year":"2008","unstructured":"El Gazzar M, Yoza BK, Chen X, Hu J, Hawkins GA, McCall CE. G9a and HP1 couple histone and DNA methylation to TNFalpha transcription silencing during endotoxin tolerance. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:32198\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M803446200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"3834_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.74","volume":"36","author":"M Skrundz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Skrundz M, Bolten M, Nast I, Hellhammer DH, Meinlschmidt G. Plasma oxytocin concentration during pregnancy is associated with development of postpartum depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36:1886\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2011.74.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3834_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e318188ade4","volume":"70","author":"JM Cyranowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cyranowski JM, Hofkens TL, Frank E, Seltman H, Cai HM, Amico JA. Evidence of dysregulated peripheral oxytocin release among depressed women. Psychosom Med. 2008;70:967\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PSY.0b013e318188ade4.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"3834_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891537","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.891537","volume":"15","author":"M Mitre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitre M, Saadipour K, Williams K, Khatri L, Froemke RC, Chao MV. Transactivation of TrkB receptors by oxytocin and its G protein-coupled receptor. Front Mol Neurosci. 2022;15:891537 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2022.891537.","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"3834_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33676","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.33676","volume":"7","author":"KR Maynard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maynard KR, Hobbs JW, Phan BN, Gupta A, Rajpurohit S, Williams C, et al. BDNF-TrkB signaling in oxytocin neurons contributes to maternal behavior. eLife. 2018;7:e33676 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.33676.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"3834_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpnec.2025.100297","volume":"23","author":"CW Broeks","year":"2025","unstructured":"Broeks CW, Bais B, Van R, Bijma HH, van Rossum EFC, Hoogendijk WJG, et al. Cortisol awakening response in pregnant women with depressive disorders: a potential marker of recovery status from pregnancy to postpartum. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2025;23:100297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpnec.2025.100297.","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3834_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0915-y","volume":"16","author":"S Seth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seth S, Lewis AJ, Galbally M. Perinatal maternal depression and cortisol function in pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic literature review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-016-0915-y.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"3834_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2024.04.001","volume":"46","author":"EM Hitt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hitt EM. Zuranolone: a narrative review of a new oral treatment for postpartum depression. Clin Ther. 2024;46:433\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2024.04.001.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-03834-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-03834-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-03834-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T13:10:11Z","timestamp":1772629811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-03834-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-026-03834-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"ALM and IB declare a U.S. provisional patent on the anti-inflammatory effects of allopregnanolone and related steroids. ALM and SMB have previously received research funding from Sage Therapeutics for other projects. SMB has received consulting fees from Ancora Bio, Modern Health and Web MD. The authors declare no other potential conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, IRB# 23-1288. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All clinical procedures and experimental methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"119"}}