{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:21:22Z","timestamp":1791926482685,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-026-03882-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T11:05:28Z","timestamp":1770980728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The effectiveness of Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on sleep EEG hyperarousal: a multicentric polysomnographic study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0755-8758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Sforza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles M.","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7235-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thien Thanh","family":"Dang-Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1139-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence B.","family":"Pomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurore A.","family":"Perrault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Gouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitka","family":"Bu\u0161kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Jank\u016f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Vgontzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Fernandez-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9236-9125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celyne H.","family":"Bastien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1968-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieter","family":"Riemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Baglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Carollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Casoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Zucconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenza","family":"Castronovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Galbiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Ferini-Strambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3882_CR1","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The international classification of sleep disorders (ICSD-3). 2014."},{"key":"3882_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.01.011","volume":"135","author":"C Baglioni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baglioni C, Battagliese G, Feige B, Spiegelhalder K, Nissen C, Voderholzer U, et al. Insomnia as a predictor of depression: A meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies. J Affect Disord. 2011;135:10\u201319.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3882_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00320","volume":"9","author":"W R\u00f6ssler","year":"2018","unstructured":"R\u00f6ssler W, Angst J, Ajdacic-Gross V, Haker H, Berrouiguet S, Ujeyl M, et al. Sleep disturbances and suicidality\u2013a longitudinal analysis from a representative community study over 30 years. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:320.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3882_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13930","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13930","volume":"32","author":"E Hertenstein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hertenstein E, Benz F, Schneider CL, Baglioni C. Insomnia\u2014A risk factor for mental disorders. J Sleep Res. 2023;32:e13930.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"3882_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.9.1159","volume":"33","author":"AN Vgontzas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vgontzas AN, Liao D, Pejovic S, Calhoun S, Karataraki M, Basta M, et al. Insomnia with short sleep duration and mortality: The Penn state cohort. Sleep. 2010;33:1159\u201364.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3882_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.4.491","volume":"32","author":"AN Vgontzas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vgontzas AN, Liao D, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP, Vela-Bueno A. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with a high risk for hypertension. Sleep. 2009;32:491\u20137.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3882_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04604","volume":"65","author":"Y Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li Y, Vgontzas AN, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Bixler EO, Sun Y, Zhou J, et al. Insomnia with physiological hyperarousal is associated with hypertension. Hypertension. 2015;65:644\u201350.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"3882_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.12.1649","volume":"32","author":"M Daley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Daley M, Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Gr\u00e9goire J-P, Savard J. The economic burden of insomnia: direct and indirect costs for individuals with insomnia syndrome, insomnia symptoms, and good sleepers. Sleep. 2009;32:55\u201364.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3882_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj145","volume":"163","author":"B Sivertsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sivertsen B, Overland S, Neckelmann D, Glozier N, Krokstad S, Pallesen S, et al. The long-term effect of insomnia on work disability. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163:1018\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3882_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0187256","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187256","volume":"12","author":"S Garbarino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garbarino S, Magnavita N, Guglielmi O, Maestri M, Dini G, Bersi FM, et al. Insomnia is associated with road accidents. Further evidence from a study on truck drivers. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0187256.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3882_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baglioni C, ECA, & RD. Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy For Insomnia (CBT-I) Across The Life Span. Wiley; 2022.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119891192"},{"key":"3882_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.02.001","volume":"38","author":"A van Straten","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Straten A, van der Zweerde T, Kleiboer A, Cuijpers P, Morin CM, Lancee J. Cognitive and behavioral therapies in the treatment of insomnia: A meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;38:3\u201316.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"3882_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2841","volume":"163","author":"JM Trauer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SMW, Cunnington D. Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:191\u2013204.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3882_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.11.007","volume":"23","author":"JM Geiger-Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geiger-Brown JM, Rogers VE, Liu W, Ludeman EM, Downton KD, Diaz-Abad M. Cognitive behavioral therapy in persons with comorbid insomnia: A meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;23:54\u201367.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"3882_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14035","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14035","volume":"32","author":"D Riemann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Riemann D, Espie CA, Altena E, Arnardottir ES, Baglioni C, Bassetti CLA, et al. The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023. J Sleep Res. 2023;32:e14035.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"3882_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition. 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"3882_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S198812","volume":"ume 11","author":"A Galbiati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galbiati A, Sforza M, Fasiello E, Castronovo V, Ferini-Strambi L. Impact of phenotypic heterogeneity of insomnia on the patients\u2019 response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia: current perspectives. Nat Sci Sleep. 2019;ume 11:367\u201376.","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"3882_CR18","volume":"67","author":"D He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He D, Guo Z, Mcclure MA, Mu Q, Jiang B. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia with objective short sleep duration phenotype: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2023;67:101736.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"3882_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.3.342","volume":"26","author":"S Ancoli-Israel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ancoli-Israel S, Cole R, Alessi C, Chambers M, Moorcroft W, Pollak CP. The role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms. Sleep. 2003;26:342\u201392.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3882_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-011-0608-8","volume":"16","author":"T Cr\u00f6nlein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cr\u00f6nlein T, Geisler P, Langguth B, Eichhammer P, Jara C, Pieh C, et al. Polysomnography reveals unexpectedly high rates of organic sleep disorders in patients with prediagnosed primary insomnia. Sleep Breath. 2012;16:1097\u2013103.","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"3882_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30098-7","volume":"6","author":"L Ferini-Strambi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferini-Strambi L, Fossati A, Sforza M, Galbiati A. Subtyping insomnia disorder. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6:284.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"3882_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13910","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13910","volume":"32","author":"CC Nyhuis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nyhuis CC, Fernandez-Mendoza J. Insomnia nosology: a systematic review and critical appraisal of historical diagnostic categories and current phenotypes. J Sleep Res. 2023;32:e13910.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"3882_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morin CM, Drake CL, Harvey AG, Krystal AD, Manber R, Riemann D, et al. Insomnia disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2015.26.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.26"},{"key":"3882_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3268","volume":"09","author":"AD P\u00e9russe","year":"2013","unstructured":"P\u00e9russe AD, Turcotte I, St-Jean G, Ellis J, Hudon C, Bastien CH. Types of primary insomnia: Is hyperarousal also present during napping?. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;09:1273\u201380.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"3882_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.11.002","volume":"124","author":"Y Dai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dai Y, Ma J, Vgontzas AN, Chen B, Chen L, Wu J, et al. Insomnia disorder is associated with 24-hour cortical hyperarousal. Sleep Med. 2024;124:681\u20137.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3882_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0151","volume":"5","author":"ML Perlis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Perlis ML, Merica H, Smith MT, Giles DE. Beta EEG activity and insomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2001;5:365\u201376.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"3882_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.8.7778","volume":"86","author":"AN Vgontzas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Lin H-M, Prolo P, Mastorakos G, Vela-Bueno A, et al. Chronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: Clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3787\u201394.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3882_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perlis ML, Smith MT, Pigeon WR. Etiology and pathophysiology of insomnia. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-72-160797-7\/50067-7"},{"key":"3882_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)00302-4","volume":"45","author":"AN Vgontzas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vgontzas AN, Tsigos C, Bixler EO, Stratakis CA, Zachman K, Kales A, et al. Chronic insomnia and activity of the stress system: A preliminary study. J Psychosom Res. 1998;45:21\u201331.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"3882_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2012.660896","volume":"11","author":"CH Bastien","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bastien CH, Turcotte I, St-Jean G, Morin CM, Carrier J. Information processing varies between insomnia types: Measures of N1 and P2 during the night. Behav Sleep Med. 2013;11:56\u201372.","journal-title":"Behav Sleep Med"},{"key":"3882_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.06.008","volume":"81","author":"I Turcotte","year":"2011","unstructured":"Turcotte I, St-Jean G, Bastien CH. Are individuals with paradoxical insomnia more hyperaroused than individuals with psychophysiological insomnia? Event-related potentials measures at the peri-onset of sleep. Int J Psychophysiol. 2011;81:177\u201390.","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"3882_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101457","volume":"59","author":"W Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao W, Van Someren EJW, Li C, Chen X, Gui W, Tian Y, et al. EEG spectral analysis in insomnia disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;59:101457.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"3882_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Nissen C, Hirscher V, Baglioni C, Feige B REM Sleep Instability \u2013 A New Pathway for Insomnia? Pharmacopsychiatry. 2012. 30 January 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0031-1299721.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1299721"},{"key":"3882_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feige B, Nanovska S, Baglioni C, Bier B, Cabrera L, Diemers S, et al. Insomnia - Perchance a dream? Results from a NREM\/REM sleep awakening study in good sleepers and patients with insomnia. Sleep. 2018;41:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsy032.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy032"},{"key":"3882_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7030023","volume":"7","author":"DB Kay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kay DB, Buysse DJ. Hyperarousal and beyond: New insights to the pathophysiology of insomnia disorder through functional neuroimaging studies. Brain Sci. 2017;7:23.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"3882_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25221","volume":"42","author":"G Zou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zou G, Li Y, Liu J, Zhou S, Xu J, Qin L, et al. Altered thalamic connectivity in insomnia disorder during wakefulness and sleep. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42:259\u201370.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"3882_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00046.2019","volume":"101","author":"EJW Van Someren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Someren EJW. Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences. Physiol Rev. 2021;101:995\u20131046.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"3882_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00042-3","volume":"1","author":"RC Rosen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rosen RC, Lewin DS, Goldberg L, Woolfolk RL. Psychophysiological insomnia: combined effects of pharmacotherapy and relaxation-based treatments. Sleep Med. 2000;1:279\u201388.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3882_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.6.807","volume":"32","author":"N Vincent","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vincent N, Lewycky S. Logging on for better sleep: RCT of the effectiveness of online treatment for insomnia. Sleep. 2009;32:807\u201315.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3882_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1159\/000092892","volume":"75","author":"R Wu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wu R, Bao J, Zhang C, Deng J, Long C. Comparison of sleep condition and sleep-related psychological activity after cognitive-behavior and pharmacological therapy for chronic insomnia. Psychother Psychosom. 2006;75:220\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"3882_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145317","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145317","volume":"10","author":"CB Miller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miller CB, Kyle SD, Gordon CJ, Espie CA, Grunstein RR, Mullins AE, et al. Physiological markers of arousal change with psychological treatment for insomnia: A preliminary investigation. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0145317.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3882_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000347","volume":"35","author":"DC Jarrin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jarrin DC, Chen IY, Ivers H, Lamy M, Valli\u00e8res A, Morin CM. Nocturnal heart rate variability in patients treated with cognitive\u2013behavioral therapy for insomnia. Health Psychol. 2016;35:638\u201341.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"3882_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2014.05.013","volume":"62","author":"JN O\u2019Byrne","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Byrne JN, Berman Rosa M, Gouin JP, Dang-Vu TT. Neuroimaging findings in primary insomnia. Pathologie Biologie. 2014;62:262\u20139.","journal-title":"Pathologie Biologie"},{"key":"3882_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0527-3","volume":"15","author":"K Spiegelhalder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spiegelhalder K, Regen W, Baglioni C, Nissen C, Riemann D, Kyle SD. Neuroimaging insights into insomnia. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015;15:9.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"3882_CR45","volume":"15","author":"K Spiegelhalder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spiegelhalder K, Regen W, Baglioni C, Riemann D, Winkelman JW. Neuroimaging Studies in Insomnia. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15:405.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"3882_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.07.004","volume":"42","author":"M Tahmasian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tahmasian M, Noori K, Samea F, Zarei M, Spiegelhalder K, Eickhoff SB, et al. A lack of consistent brain alterations in insomnia disorder: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;42:111\u20138.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"3882_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.10.003","volume":"6","author":"MT Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smith MT, Perlis ML, Chengazi VU, Soeffing J, McCann U. NREM sleep cerebral blood flow before and after behavior therapy for chronic primary insomnia: preliminary single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) data. Sleep Med. 2005;6:93\u201394.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3882_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.10.013","volume":"17","author":"YJG Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee YJG, Kim S, Kim N, Choi JW, Park J, Kim SJ, et al. Changes in subcortical resting-state functional connectivity in patients with psychophysiological insomnia after cognitive\u2013behavioral therapy: Changes in resting-state FC after CBT for insomnia patients. Neuroimage Clin. 2018;17:115\u201323.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"3882_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.05.013","volume":"66","author":"HY Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park HY, Lee H, Jhee JH, Park KM, Choi EC, An SK, et al. Changes in resting-state brain connectivity following computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in dialysis patients: A pilot study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2020;66:24\u201329.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"3882_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.11.991","volume":"281","author":"CM Morin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Morin CM, Colecchi C, Stone J, Sood R, Brink D. Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia. JAMA. 1999;281:991.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3882_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.682","volume":"301","author":"CM Morin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morin CM, Valli\u00e8res A, Guay B, Ivers H, Savard J, M\u00e9rette C, et al. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Singly and Combined With Medication, for Persistent Insomnia. JAMA. 2009;301:2005.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3882_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell LJ, Bisdounis L, Ballesio A, Omlin X, Kyle SD. The impact of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on objective sleep parameters: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.06.002"},{"key":"3882_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.05.010","volume":"97","author":"AA Perrault","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perrault AA, Pomares FB, Smith D, Cross NE, Gong K, Maltezos A, et al. Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on subjective and objective measures of sleep and cognition. Sleep Med. 2022;97:13\u201326.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3882_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cervena K, Dauvilliers Y, Espa F, Touchon J, Matousek M, Billiard M, et al. Effect of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on sleep architecture and sleep EEG power spectra in psychophysiological insomnia. J Sleep Res. 2004. 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00431.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00431.x"},{"key":"3882_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hogan SE, Delgado GM, Hall MH, Nimgaonkar VL, Germain A, Buysse DJ, et al. Slow-oscillation activity is reduced and high frequency activity is elevated in older adults with insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.8568.","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8568"},{"key":"3882_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/726372","volume":"2013","author":"A Valli\u00e8res","year":"2013","unstructured":"Valli\u00e8res A, Ceklic T, Bastien CH, Espie CA. A preliminary evaluation of the physiological mechanisms of action for sleep restriction therapy. Sleep Disord. 2013;2013:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Sleep Disord"},{"key":"3882_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krystal AD, Edinger JD Sleep EEG predictors and correlates of the response to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Sleep. 2010. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/33.5.669.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.5.669"},{"key":"3882_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dang-Vu TT, Hatch B, Salimi A, Mograss M, Boucetta S, O\u2019Byrne J, et al. Sleep spindles may predict response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia. Sleep Med. 2017. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.08.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.08.012"},{"key":"3882_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsab223","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab223","volume":"45","author":"LF Maurer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maurer LF, Espie CA, Omlin X, Emsley R, Kyle SD. The effect of sleep restriction therapy for insomnia on sleep pressure and arousal: a randomized controlled mechanistic trial. Sleep. 2022;45:zsab223.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3882_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.12.004","volume":"132","author":"JR Lunsford-Avery","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lunsford-Avery JR, Edinger JD, Krystal AD. Optimizing computation of overnight decline in delta power: Evidence for slower rate of decline in delta power in insomnia patients. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021;132:545\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"3882_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sforza M, Morin CM, Dang-Vu TT, Pomares FB, Perrault AA, Gouin J, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia mechanism of action: Exploring the homeostatic K-complex involvement. J Sleep Res. 2024. 30 December 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.14452.","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14452"},{"key":"3882_CR62","unstructured":"Krystal AD. Non-REM sleep EEG spectral analysis in insomnia. Psychiatr Ann. 2008;38:615\u201320."},{"key":"3882_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.012","volume":"91","author":"J Maes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maes J, Verbraecken J, Willemen M, De Volder I, van Gastel A, Michiels N, et al. Sleep misperception, EEG characteristics and Autonomic Nervous System activity in primary insomnia: A retrospective study on polysomnographic data. Int J Psychophysiol. 2014;91:163\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"3882_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101261","volume":"11","author":"M Gorgoni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gorgoni M, Scarpelli S, Annarumma L, D\u2019atri A, Alfonsi V, Ferrara M, et al. The regional eeg pattern of the sleep onset process in older adults. Brain Sci. 2021;11:1261.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"3882_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.718","volume":"6","author":"A D\u2019Atri","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u2019Atri A, Scarpelli S, Schiappa C, Pizza F, Vandi S, Ferrara M, et al. Cortical activation during sleep predicts dream experience in narcolepsy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019;6:445\u201355.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"3882_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10060343","volume":"10","author":"S Scarpelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scarpelli S, D\u2019atri A, Bartolacci C, Gorgoni M, Mangiaruga A, Ferrara M, et al. Dream recall upon awakening from non-rapid eye movement sleep in older adults: Electrophysiological pattern and qualitative features. Brain Sci. 2020;10:343.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"3882_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120782","volume":"298","author":"E Fasiello","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fasiello E, Gorgoni M, Galbiati A, Sforza M, Berra F, Scarpelli S, et al. Decreased Delta\/Beta ratio index as the sleep state-independent electrophysiological signature of sleep state misperception in Insomnia disorder: A focus on the sleep onset and the whole night. Neuroimage. 2024;298:120782.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"3882_CR68","volume":"75","author":"Y Dai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dai Y, Vgontzas AN, Chen L, Zheng D, Chen B, Fernandez-Mendoza J, et al. A meta-analysis of the association between insomnia with objective short sleep duration and risk of hypertension. Sleep Med Rev. 2024;75:101914.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"3882_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2022.05.004","volume":"8","author":"KG Saulnier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saulnier KG, Singh R, Lenker KP, Calhoun SL, He F, Liao D, et al. Association of insomnia phenotypes based on polysomnography-measured sleep duration with suicidal ideation and attempts. Sleep Health. 2022;8:391\u20137.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"3882_CR70","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. (ICSD-2). 2005."},{"key":"3882_CR71","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. Washington, DC; 1994."},{"key":"3882_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0970","volume":"146","author":"MJ Sateia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sateia MJ. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition highlights and modifications. Chest. 2014;146:1387\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.14-0970. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition Sateia, M. J. (2014)highlights and m. Chest. 2014.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3882_CR73","volume-title":"The psychological treatment of insomnia","author":"CA Espie","year":"1991","unstructured":"Espie CA The psychological treatment of insomnia. Chichester: Wiley; 1991."},{"key":"3882_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9586-8_5","volume-title":"Case Studies in Insomnia","author":"PJ Hauri","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hauri PJ Sleep Hygiene, Relaxation Therapy, and Cognitive Interventions. In: Case Studies in Insomnia. Boston, MA: Springer US; 1991. pp. 65\u201384."},{"key":"3882_CR75","volume-title":"Insomnia: Psychological assessment and management","author":"CM Morin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Morin CM Insomnia: Psychological assessment and management. Guilford Press; 1993."},{"key":"3882_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9586-8_2","volume-title":"Case Studies in Insomnia","author":"RR Bootzin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bootzin RR, Epstein D, Wood JM Stimulus Control Instructions. In: Case Studies in Insomnia. Boston, MA: Springer US; 1991. pp. 19\u201328."},{"key":"3882_CR77","first-page":"45","volume":"10","author":"AJ Spielman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Spielman AJ, Saskin P, Thorpy MJ. Treatment of chronic insomnia by restriction of time in bed. Sleep. 1987;10:45\u201356.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3882_CR78","volume-title":"Clinical relaxation strategies","author":"KLL Lichstein","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lichstein KLL Clinical relaxation strategies. New York: Wiley; 1988."},{"key":"3882_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","volume":"2","author":"C Bastien","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bastien C. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2:297\u2013307.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3882_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2620-z","volume":"37","author":"V Castronovo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Castronovo V, Galbiati A, Marelli S, Brombin C, Cugnata F, Giarolli L, et al. Validation study of the Italian version of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Neurol Sci. 2016;37:1517\u201324.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"3882_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.601","volume":"34","author":"CM Morin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morin CM, Belleville G, B\u00e9langer L, Ivers H. The insomnia severity index: Psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011;34:601\u20138.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3882_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000177","volume":"77","author":"V Natale","year":"2015","unstructured":"Natale V, L\u00e9ger D, Bayon V, Erbacci A, Tonetti L, Fabbri M, et al. The consensus sleep diary: Quantitative criteria for primary insomnia diagnosis. Psychosom Med. 2015;77:413\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"3882_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berry RB, Budhiraja R, Gottlieb DJ, Gozal D, Iber C, Kapur VK, et al. Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: Update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.2172.","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172"},{"key":"3882_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70092","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70092","volume":"10","author":"R Vallat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vallat R, Walker MP. An open-source, high-performance tool for automated sleep staging. eLife. 2021;10:e70092.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"3882_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00267","volume":"7","author":"A Gramfort","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gramfort A. MEG and EEG data analysis with MNE-Python. Front Neurosci. 2013;7:267.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"3882_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01237","volume":"4","author":"G Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee G, Gommers R, Waselewski F, Wohlfahrt K, O\u2019Leary A. PyWavelets: A Python package for wavelet analysis. J Open Source Softw. 2019;4:1237.","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"3882_CR87","unstructured":"Adam Paszke SGFMSC. PyTorch: an imperative style, highperformance deep learning library. Vancouver; 2019."},{"key":"3882_CR88","unstructured":"Gardner JGPKQWDBAGW. GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. Montreal; 2018."},{"key":"3882_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5774","volume":"39","author":"DA Dean","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dean DA, Goldberger AL, Mueller R, Kim M, Rueschman M, Mobley D, et al. Scaling up scientific discovery in sleep medicine: The national sleep research resource. Sleep. 2016;39:1151\u201364.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3882_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocy064","volume":"25","author":"G-Q Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang G-Q, Cui L, Mueller R, Tao S, Kim M, Rueschman M, et al. The National Sleep Research Resource: towards a sleep data commons. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2018;25:1351\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"3882_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/TAU.1967.1161901","volume":"15","author":"P Welch","year":"1967","unstructured":"Welch P. The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms. IEEE Trans Audio Electroacoust. 1967;15:70\u20133.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Audio Electroacoust"},{"key":"3882_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Love J, Selker R, Marsman M, Jamil T, Dropmann D, Verhagen J, et al. JASP: Graphical statistical software for common statistical designs. J Stat Softw. 2019;88:1\u201317.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v088.i02"},{"key":"3882_CR93","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Hillside. NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates; 1988."},{"key":"3882_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8986","volume":"17","author":"JD Edinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, Carney CE, Harrington JJ, Lichstein KL, et al. Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17:255\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"3882_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.05.002","volume":"14","author":"MH Bonnet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bonnet MH, Arand DL. Hyperarousal and insomnia: State of the science. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14:9\u201315.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"3882_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-24288-2.00082-9","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine","author":"ML Perlis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perlis ML, Ellis JG, Kloss JD, Riemann DW Etiology and Pathophysiology of Insomnia. In: Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Elsevier; 2017. pp. 769\u201384.e4."},{"key":"3882_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13860","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13860","volume":"32","author":"E Altena","year":"2023","unstructured":"Altena E, Ellis J, Camart N, Guichard K, Bastien C. Mechanisms of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. J Sleep Res. 2023;32:e13860.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"3882_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2022.104100","volume":"153","author":"J Lancee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lancee J, Harvey AG, Morin CM, Ivers H, van der Zweerde T, Blanken TF. Network Intervention Analyses of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy for insomnia: Symptom specific effects and process measures. Behav Res Ther. 2022;153:104100.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"3882_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822963-7.00013-X","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms","author":"J Fernandez-Mendoza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fernandez-Mendoza J Insomnia with objective short sleep duration. In: Encyclopedia of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms. Elsevier; 2023. pp. 64\u201372."},{"key":"3882_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vgontzas AN, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Liao D, Bixler EO. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration: The most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder. Sleep Med Rev. 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2012.09.005"},{"key":"3882_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13324","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13324","volume":"30","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Vgontzas AN, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Fang J, Puzino K, Bixler EO. Effect of trazodone versus cognitive-behavioural treatment on high- and slow-frequency activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep in chronic insomnia: A pilot, randomized clinical trial. J Sleep Res. 2021;30:e13324.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"3882_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8740","volume":"16","author":"AN Vgontzas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vgontzas AN, Puzino K, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Krishnamurthy VB, Basta M, Bixler EO. Effects of trazodone versus cognitive behavioral therapy in the insomnia with short sleep duration phenotype: a preliminary study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16:2009\u201319.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"3882_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30464-4","volume":"6","author":"TF Blanken","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blanken TF, Benjamins JS, Borsboom D, Vermunt JK, Paquola C, Ramautar J, et al. Insomnia disorder subtypes derived from life history and traits of affect and personality. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6:151\u201363.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-03882-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-03882-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-03882-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T13:03:36Z","timestamp":1771592616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-03882-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-026-03882-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"MS: none. CMM: Eisai, Idorsia, Lallemand Health, Mapi Research Trust, Haleon. TTD: Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Weston Family Foundation, Hypersomnia Foundation, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Paladin Labs, Eisai, Idorsia. FBP: none. AAP: Concordia Horizon Fellowship, Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire Geriatrique de Montreal (CRIUGM) Postdoctoral Fellowship. JPG: none. JB: none. KJ: none. AV: none. JFM: none. CHB: none. DR: none. CB: Italian Ministry for University and Research, European Sleep Research Society, Idorsia. GC: none. FC: Bruno Farmaceutici, Italfarmaco, Polifarma, Viatris, Vivisol. MZ: none. VC: none. AG: Idorsia. LFS: none.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review boards of all participating centers, in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The study was conducted within a multicenter research protocol approved by the coordinating center\u2019s Ethics Committee at San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy (approval number 188\/INT\/2020), which explicitly included all participating satellite centers.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"88"}}