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A crucial unresolved question is whether social disengagement reflects a distinct deficit in social motivation or a by-product of diminished initiative or emotional blunting. Previous studies have been constrained by modest sample sizes and limited use of apathy-specific instruments or phenotypically narrow cohorts. Here, we analysed item-level data from 11,243 individuals recruited across multiple centres, including 1154 neurological patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, frontotemporal dementia, autoimmune encephalitis and small vessel disease, alongside people with depression and healthy adults. Across exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, symptom-level network modelling, and lifespan analyses, social apathy consistently emerged as a coherent and separable dimension. This pattern was preserved across health, psychiatric, and neurocognitive cohorts, from adolescence through late life. Recognising social apathy as an independent domain reframes a central aspect of mental health\u2014the motivation to connect, care, and act for others\u2014and provides a foundation for more precise assessment and for interventions targeting both social and neurobiological mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-026-04023-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T17:06:11Z","timestamp":1775667971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The social dimension of apathy: evidence for a distinct domain from 11,243 individuals across health and neurocognitive disorders"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6246-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sijia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2529-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian-Yuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahaaeddin","family":"Attaallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Toniolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssuf","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Rouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Garrard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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S.R.I. also receives licensed royalties on patent application WO\/2010\/046716 entitled Neurological Autoimmune Disorders, and has filed two other patents entitled Diagnostic Method and Therapy (WO2019211633; US App 17\/051,930; PCT application WO202189788A1) and Biomarkers (WO202189788A1; US App 18\/279,624; PCT\/GB2022\/050614). All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Data from both healthy participants and patient cohorts were collected across multiple centres under separate local ethical approvals. Due to these ethical restrictions, not all data can be shared publicly. Patient data are available upon reasonable request, subject to approval from the original data providers (i.e. the researchers responsible for data collection) and compliance with relevant ethical, legal, and confidentiality requirements.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data sharing"}}],"article-number":"263"}}