{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T01:58:03Z","timestamp":1780883883182,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["184717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["184717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Social communication deficits are common across mental-health disorders, yet little is known about how individuals perceive their own gesture behaviours. Gaining insight into this, particularly across different disorders, could enhance our understanding of social communicative impairments and disruptions in self-awareness. The current study included 274 participants: N\u2009=\u2009113 with schizophrenia, N\u2009=\u200965 with depression and N\u2009=\u200996 healthy controls where we compared self-reported gesture behaviours in social and non-social contexts. These self-reports where further explored in relation to objective-measures of gesture performance and expert-rating scales of symptom severity and social functioning. Both patient groups self-reported impairments compared to controls, but with disorder-specific profiles. Specifically, people with schizophrenia uniquely reported reduced gesture perception and use, while both patient groups reported diminished social gesture production. The schizophrenia group also reported elevated social perception relative to the other groups. The depression group consistently rated themselves higher than the schizophrenia group across domains. Furthermore, only the schizophrenia group showed distinct associations: self-reported social perception was negatively associated with self-reported gesture perception, but positively associated with self-reported social production. Notably, only schizophrenia showed a significant link between self-reported difficulties in social gesture production and objective gesture performance deficits. These findings suggest that disruptions in self-awareness of gesture behaviours manifests differently across disorders and underscore the value of integrating self-report measures together with objective assessments to capture the complexity of social-communicative impairments. This will help in designing tailored interventions aimed at enhancing social communication and awareness in diverse mental-health disorder populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-026-04059-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T08:26:29Z","timestamp":1777019189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transdiagnostic associations between subjective gesture behaviour and objective performance in schizophrenia and depression"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5590-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Pavlidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"von K\u00e4nel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Maderthaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexios","family":"Malifatouratzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5102-1771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Chapellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra V.","family":"Viher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanta","family":"Bachofner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4611-8966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Stegmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5696-6486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grit","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Adorjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4026-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"4059_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143802","volume":"64","author":"S Goldin-Meadow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goldin-Meadow S, Alibali MW. Gesture\u2019s role in speaking, learning, and creating language. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013;64:257\u201383.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"4059_CR2","unstructured":"McNeill D Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, US, 1992, xi, 416-xi, 416pp."},{"key":"4059_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.053","volume":"250","author":"JT Fiquer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fiquer JT, Moreno RA, Canales JZ, Cavalcanti A, Gorenstein C. Is nonverbal behavior in patients and interviewers relevant to the assessment of depression and its recovery? A study with Dutch and Brazilian patients. Psychiatry Res. 2017;250:59\u201364.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"4059_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw124","volume":"42","author":"S Walther","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walther S, Eisenhardt S, Bohlhalter S, Vanbellingen T, M\u00fcri R, Strik W, et al. Gesture performance in schizophrenia predicts functional outcome after 6 months. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42:1326\u201333.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab133","volume":"48","author":"KS Damme","year":"2022","unstructured":"Damme KS, Park JS, Walther S, Vargas T, Shankman SA, Mittal VA. Depression and psychosis risk shared vulnerability for motor signs across development, symptom dimensions, and familial risk. Schizophr Bull. 2022;48:752\u201362.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00013","volume":"6","author":"JN Samsom","year":"2015","unstructured":"Samsom JN, Wong AH. Schizophrenia and depression co-morbidity: what we have learned from animal models. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:13.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.055","volume":"292","author":"A Pavlidou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pavlidou A, Viher PV, Bachofner H, Weiss F, Stegmayer K, Shankman SA, et al. Hand gesture performance is impaired in major depressive disorder: A matter of working memory performance?. J Affect Disord. 2021;292:81\u20138.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4059_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu222","volume":"41","author":"S Walther","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walther S, Stegmayer K, Sulzbacher J, Vanbellingen T, M\u00fcri R, Strik W, et al. Nonverbal social communication and gesture control in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41:338\u201345.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360","volume":"77","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Reis Marques T, Howes OD. Schizophrenia\u2014An Overview. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77:201\u201310.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv229","volume":"42","author":"S Walther","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walther S, Mittal VA. Why we should take a closer look at gestures. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42:259\u201361.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.09.017","volume":"133","author":"S Walther","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walther S, Mittal VA, Stegmayer K, Bohlhalter S. Gesture deficits and apraxia in schizophrenia. Cortex. 2020;133:65\u201375.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"4059_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2022.100240","volume":"28","author":"A Pavlidou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pavlidou A, Chapellier V, Maderthaner L, von K\u00e4nel S, Walther S. Using dynamic point light display stimuli to assess gesture deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2022;28:100240.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res Cogn"},{"key":"4059_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlidou A, Reiser F, Maderthaner L, von K\u00e4nel S, Chapellier V, Malifatouratzis A, et al. Gesture impairments in schizophrenia: distinct roles of negative symptoms and formal thought disorder. Schizophr Bull. 2025.","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaf152"},{"key":"4059_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab056","volume":"47","author":"T Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta T, Osborne KJ, Mittal VA. Abnormal gesture perception and clinical high-risk for psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2021;47:938\u201347.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12319","volume":"131","author":"M Lavelle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lavelle M, Dimic S, Wildgrube C, McCabe R, Priebe S. Non-verbal communication in meetings of psychiatrists and patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015;131:197\u2013205.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"4059_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.06.007","volume":"158","author":"ZB Millman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Millman ZB, Goss J, Schiffman J, Mejias J, Gupta T, Mittal VA. Mismatch and lexical retrieval gestures are associated with visual information processing, verbal production, and symptomatology in youth at high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2014;158:64\u20138.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"4059_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000446116","volume":"73","author":"K Stegmayer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stegmayer K, Moor J, Vanbellingen T, Bohlhalter S, M\u00fcri RM, Strik W, et al. Gesture performance in first- and multiple-episode patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Neuropsychobiology. 2016;73:201\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"4059_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.04.003","volume":"180","author":"JP Trujillo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trujillo JP, Simanova I, Bekkering H, \u00d6zy\u00fcrek A. Communicative intent modulates production and comprehension of actions and gestures: A Kinect study. Cognition. 2018;180:38\u201351.","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"4059_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-019-01198-y","volume":"84","author":"JP Trujillo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trujillo JP, Simanova I, Bekkering H, \u00d6zy\u00fcrek A. The communicative advantage: How kinematic signaling supports semantic comprehension. Psychol Res. 2020;84:1897\u2013911.","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"key":"4059_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx059","volume":"44","author":"K Stegmayer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stegmayer K, Bohlhalter S, Vanbellingen T, Federspiel A, Wiest R, M\u00fcri RM, et al. Limbic interference during social action planning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2018;44:359\u201368.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.05.023","volume":"132","author":"PV Viher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Viher PV, Abdulkadir A, Savadijev P, Stegmayer K, Kubicki M, Makris N, et al. Structural organization of the praxis network predicts gesture production: Evidence from healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Cortex. 2020;132:322\u201333.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"4059_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab059","volume":"47","author":"M Choudhury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choudhury M, Steines M, Nagels A, Riedl L, Kircher T, Straube B. Neural basis of speech-gesture mismatch detection in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2021;47:1761\u201371.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22015","volume":"34","author":"B Straube","year":"2013","unstructured":"Straube B, Green A, Sass K, Kirner-Veselinovic A, Kircher T. Neural integration of speech and gesture in schizophrenia: evidence for differential processing of metaphoric gestures. Hum Brain Mapp. 2013;34:1696\u2013712.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"4059_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sgac026","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgac026","volume":"3","author":"P Cuevas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cuevas P, He Y, Steines M, Straube B. The processing of semantic complexity and cospeech gestures in schizophrenia: A naturalistic, multimodal fMRI study. Schizophr Bull Open. 2022;3:sgac026.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull Open"},{"key":"4059_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.10.017","volume":"17","author":"PV Viher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Viher PV, Stegmayer K, Kubicki M, Karmacharya S, Lyall AE, Federspiel A, et al. The cortical signature of impaired gesturing: Findings from schizophrenia. Neuroimage Clin. 2018;17:213\u201321.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"4059_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa008","volume":"46","author":"F W\u00fcthrich","year":"2020","unstructured":"W\u00fcthrich F, Viher PV, Stegmayer K, Federspiel A, Bohlhalter S, Vanbellingen T, et al. Dysbalanced resting-state functional connectivity within the praxis network is linked to gesture deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2020;46:905\u201315.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.02.014","volume":"78","author":"K Stegmayer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stegmayer K, Bohlhalter S, Vanbellingen T, Federspiel A, Moor J, Wiest R, et al. Structural brain correlates of defective gesture performance in schizophrenia. Cortex. 2016;78:125\u201337.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"4059_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","volume":"392","author":"GS Malhi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malhi GS, Mann JJ. Depression. The Lancet. 2018;392:2299\u2013312.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"4059_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01738-y","volume":"9","author":"L Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui L, Li S, Wang S, Wu X, Liu Y, Yu W, et al. Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:30.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"4059_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.05.071","volume":"238","author":"JT Fiquer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fiquer JT, Moreno RA, Brunoni AR, Barros VB, Fernandes F, Gorenstein C. What is the nonverbal communication of depression? Assessing expressive differences between depressive patients and healthy volunteers during clinical interviews. J Affect Disord. 2018;238:636\u201344.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4059_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119684","volume":"389","author":"J Lozano-Goupil","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lozano-Goupil J, Shankman SA, Walther S, Wuethrich F, Maher RE, Grzelak LN, et al. Automatic quantification of hand gestures in current and remitted Major Depressive Disorder during oral expression. J Affect Disord. 2025;389:119684.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4059_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.085","volume":"291","author":"C Van den Bossche","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van den Bossche C, Wolf D, Rekittke LM, Mittelberg I, Mathiak K. Judgmental perception of co-speech gestures in MDD. J Affect Disord. 2021;291:46\u201356.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4059_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980392","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.980392","volume":"ume 13","author":"I Pagnoni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pagnoni I, Gobbi E, Alaimo C, Campana E, Rossi R, Manenti R, et al. The relationship between theory of mind and executive functions in major depressive disorders: A review. Front Psychiatry. 2022;ume 13:980392.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648346","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.648346","volume":"ume 12","author":"M Ruihua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruihua M, Hua G, Meng Z, Nan C, Panqi L, Sijia L, et al. The relationship between facial expression and cognitive function in patients with depression. Front Psychol. 2021;ume 12:648346.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"4059_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718003033","volume":"49","author":"S Walther","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walther S, Bernard JA, Mittal VA, Shankman SA. The utility of an RDoC motor domain to understand psychomotor symptoms in depression. Psychol Med. 2019;49:212\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4059_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000339456","volume":"66","author":"S Walther","year":"2012","unstructured":"Walther S, Strik W. Motor symptoms and schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology. 2012;66:77\u201392.","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"4059_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2023.111728","volume":"336","author":"M Sijtsma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sijtsma M, Marjoram D, Gallagher HL, Grealy MA, Brennan D, Mathias C, et al. Major depression and the perception of affective instrumental and expressive gestures: an fMRI investigation. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2023;336:111728.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"4059_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25027","volume":"41","author":"A Suffel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suffel A, Nagels A, Steines M, Kircher T, Straube B. Feeling addressed! The neural processing of social communicative cues in patients with major depression. Hum Brain Mapp. 2020;41:3541\u201354.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"4059_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.07.012","volume":"200","author":"LL Dutschke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dutschke LL, Stegmayer K, Ramseyer F, Bohlhalter S, Vanbellingen T, Strik W, et al. Gesture impairments in schizophrenia are linked to increased movement and prolonged motor planning and execution. Schizophr Res. 2018;200:42\u20139.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"4059_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102511","volume":"114","author":"KJ Osborne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Osborne KJ, Walther S, Mittal VA. Motor actions across psychiatric disorders: A research domain criteria (RDoC) perspective. Clin Psychol Rev. 2024;114:102511.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"4059_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac197","volume":"49","author":"EL Karp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karp EL, Williams TF, Ellman LM, Strauss GP, Walker EF, Corlett PR, et al. Self-reported gesture interpretation and performance deficits in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2023;49:746\u201355.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2016.1181768","volume":"70","author":"M Tsakiris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsakiris M. The multisensory basis of the self: From body to identity to others. Q J Exp Psychol. 2017;70:597\u2013609.","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"4059_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.12.005","volume":"101","author":"A Pavlidou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pavlidou A, Ferr\u00e8 ER, Lopez C. Vestibular stimulation makes people more egocentric. Cortex. 2018;101:302\u20135.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"4059_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.02.019","volume":"119","author":"A Pavlidou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pavlidou A, Gallagher M, Lopez C, Ferr\u00e8 ER. Let\u2019s share our perspectives, but only if our body postures match. Cortex. 2019;119:575\u20139.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"4059_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15586","volume":"55","author":"A Pavlidou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pavlidou A, Lange J, Ferr\u00e8 ER. Human movements do not look the same in a tilted world: Gravitational constraints influence the perception of biological motion. Eur J Neurosci. 2022;55:800\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"4059_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1159\/000538942","volume":"57","author":"M Mancini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mancini M, Esposito CM, Estrad\u00e9 A, Rosfort R, Fusar-Poli P, Stanghellini G. Major depression as a disorder of the narrative self: a qualitative study. Psychopathology. 2024;57:423\u201333.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"4059_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00316-X","volume":"61","author":"AR Mintz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mintz AR, Dobson KS, Romney DM. Insight in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2003;61:75\u201388.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"4059_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000040","volume":"22","author":"J Parnas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parnas J, Henriksen MG. Disordered self in the schizophrenia spectrum: a clinical and research perspective. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22:251\u201365.","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2020.1739240","volume":"32","author":"B Buck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buck B, Browne J, Gagen EC, Penn DL. Hostile attribution bias in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: narrative review of the literature and persisting questions. J Ment Health. 2023;32:132\u201349.","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"4059_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.005","volume":"58","author":"J Everaert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Everaert J, Podina IR, Koster EHW. A comprehensive meta-analysis of interpretation biases in depression. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;58:33\u201348.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"4059_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.044","volume":"270","author":"U K\u00f6ther","year":"2018","unstructured":"K\u00f6ther U, Lincoln TM, Moritz S. Emotion perception and overconfidence in errors under stress in psychosis. Psychiatry Res. 2018;270:981\u201391.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"4059_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npbr.2017.11.001","volume":"27","author":"V Nejati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nejati V. Negative interpretation of social cue in depression: Evidence from reading mind from eyes test. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res. 2018;27:12\u20136.","journal-title":"Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res"},{"key":"4059_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001622","volume":"46","author":"TP White","year":"2016","unstructured":"White TP, Borgan F, Ralley O, Shergill SS. You looking at me?: Interpreting social cues in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2016;46:149\u201360.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4059_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagels A, Kircher T, Steines M, Grosvald M, Straube B. A brief self-rating scale for the assessment of individual differences in gesture perception and production. Learn Individ Differ 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2015.03.008"},{"key":"4059_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03303-7","volume":"30","author":"S Walther","year":"2025","unstructured":"Walther S, Maderthaner L, Chapellier V, von K\u00e4nel S, M\u00fcller DR, Bohlhalter S, et al. Gesture deficits in psychosis and the combination of group psychotherapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation: A randomized clinical trial. Mol Psychiatry. 2025;30:5790\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","volume":"9","author":"RC Oldfield","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia. 1971;9:97\u2013113.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"4059_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:261\u201376.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382","volume":"134","author":"SA Montgomery","year":"1979","unstructured":"Montgomery SA, \u00c5sberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134:382\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.8.1119-a","volume":"149","author":"HH Goldman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Goldman HH, Skodol AE, Lave TR. Revising axis V for DSM-IV: a review of measures of social functioning. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:9.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02741.x","volume":"17","author":"T Vanbellingen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vanbellingen T, Kersten B, Van Hemelrijk B, Van De Winckel A, Bertschi M, M\u00fcri R, et al. Comprehensive assessment of gesture production: a new test of upper limb apraxia (TULIA). Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:59\u201366.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"4059_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.12691\/ajams-8-2-1","volume":"8","author":"N Shrestha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shrestha N. Detecting multicollinearity in regression analysis. Am J Appl Math Stat. 2020;8:39\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Appl Math Stat"},{"key":"4059_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804093","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.804093","volume":"ume 13","author":"V Chapellier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chapellier V, Pavlidou A, Maderthaner L, von K\u00e4nel S, Walther S. The impact of poor nonverbal social perception on functional capacity in schizophrenia. Front Psychol. 2022;ume 13:804093.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"4059_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs091","volume":"39","author":"M Lavelle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lavelle M, Healey PG, McCabe R. Is nonverbal communication disrupted in interactions involving patients with schizophrenia?. Schizophr Bull. 2013;39:1150\u20138.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.040","volume":"160","author":"UM Mehta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mehta UM, Thirthalli J, Aneelraj D, Jadhav P, Gangadhar BN, Keshavan MS. Mirror neuron dysfunction in schizophrenia and its functional implications: a systematic review. Schizophr Res. 2014;160:9\u201319.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"4059_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118182","volume":"237","author":"M Steines","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steines M, Nagels A, Kircher T, Straube B. The role of the left and right inferior frontal gyrus in processing metaphoric and unrelated co-speech gestures. Neuroimage. 2021;237:118182.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"4059_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000049","volume":"124","author":"CG Beevers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beevers CG, Clasen PC, Enock PM, Schnyer DM. Attention bias modification for major depressive disorder: Effects on attention bias, resting state connectivity, and symptom change. J Abnorm Psychol. 2015;124:463\u201375.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"4059_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00145","volume":"10","author":"HG Ruhe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruhe HG, Mocking RJT, Figueroa CA, Seeverens PWJ, Ikani N, Tyborowska A, et al. Emotional biases and recurrence in major depressive disorder. Results of 2.5 years follow-up of drug-free cohort vulnerable for recurrence. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:145.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4005","volume":"16","author":"MF Green","year":"2015","unstructured":"Green MF, Horan WP, Lee J. Social cognition in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015;16:620\u201331.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"4059_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.13","volume":"160","author":"S Kapur","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kapur S. Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:13\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003863","volume":"39","author":"JP Roiser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roiser JP, Stephan KE, den Ouden HE, Barnes TR, Friston KJ, Joyce EM. Do patients with schizophrenia exhibit aberrant salience?. Psychol Med. 2009;39:199\u2013209.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4059_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq068","volume":"36","author":"DM Barch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barch DM, Dowd EC. Goal representations and motivational drive in schizophrenia: the role of prefrontal-striatal interactions. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36:919\u201334.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000006","volume":"123","author":"J Mote","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mote J, Stuart BK, Kring AM. Diminished emotion expressivity but not experience in men and women with schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2014;123:796\u2013801.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"4059_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.11.010","volume":"225","author":"R Ng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ng R, Fish S, Granholm E. Insight and theory of mind in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2015;225:169\u201374.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"4059_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.07.003","volume":"38","author":"S Walther","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walther S, van Harten PN, Waddington JL, Cuesta MJ, Peralta V, Dupin L, et al. Movement disorder and sensorimotor abnormalities in schizophrenia and other psychoses - European consensus on assessment and perspectives. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;38:25\u201339.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"4059_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006319","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006319","volume":"14","author":"T Katthagen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Katthagen T, Mathys C, Deserno L, Walter H, Kathmann N, Heinz A, et al. Modeling subjective relevance in schizophrenia and its relation to aberrant salience. PLoS Comput Biol. 2018;14:e1006319.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"4059_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01479-5","volume":"273","author":"D Kriesche","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kriesche D, Woll CFJ, Tschentscher N, Engel RR, Karch S. Neurocognitive deficits in depression: a systematic review of cognitive impairment in the acute and remitted state. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2023;273:1105\u201328.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"4059_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610388764","volume":"5","author":"S Goldin-Meadow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldin-Meadow S, Beilock SL. Action\u2019s influence on thought: the case of gesture. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2010;5:664\u201374.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"4059_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.09.001","volume":"27","author":"E McMahon","year":"2023","unstructured":"McMahon E, Isik L. Seeing social interactions. Trends Cogn Sci. 2023;27:1165\u201379.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"4059_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52158-w","volume":"9","author":"R Tomasello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tomasello R, Kim C, Dreyer FR, Grisoni L, Pulverm\u00fcller F. Neurophysiological evidence for rapid processing of verbal and gestural information in understanding communicative actions. Sci Rep. 2019;9:16285.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4059_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13065su1.04","volume":"75","author":"AE Pinkham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pinkham AE. Social cognition in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75:14\u201319.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR81","first-page":"77","volume":"5","author":"J Burns","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burns J. The social brain hypothesis of schizophrenia. World Psychiatry. 2006;5:77\u201381.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.815","volume":"160","author":"AE Pinkham","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pinkham AE, Penn DL, Perkins DO, Lieberman J. Implications for the neural basis of social cognition for the study of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:815\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR83","first-page":"67","volume":"42","author":"A Pankow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pankow A, Katthagen T, Diner S, Deserno L, Boehme R, Kathmann N, et al. Aberrant salience is related to dysfunctional self-referential processing in psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2015;42:67\u201376.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09971.x","volume":"97","author":"A Troisi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Troisi A, Spalletta G, Pasini A. Non-verbal behaviour deficits in schizophrenia: an ethological study of drug-free patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998;97:109\u201315.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"4059_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.08.013","volume":"223","author":"F W\u00fcthrich","year":"2020","unstructured":"W\u00fcthrich F, Pavlidou A, Stegmayer K, Eisenhardt S, Moor J, Sch\u00e4ppi L, et al. Nonverbal communication remains untouched: No beneficial effect of symptomatic improvement on poor gesture performance in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2020;223:258\u201364.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"4059_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.08.017","volume":"51","author":"S Walther","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walther S, Vanbellingen T, M\u00fcri R, Strik W, Bohlhalter S. Impaired gesture performance in schizophrenia: particular vulnerability of meaningless pantomimes. Neuropsychologia. 2013;51:2674\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"4059_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.12.008","volume":"49","author":"S Walther","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walther S, Vanbellingen T, M\u00fcri R, Strik W, Bohlhalter S. Impaired pantomime in schizophrenia: association with frontal lobe function. Cortex. 2013;49:520\u20137.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"4059_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.06.009","volume":"246","author":"L Riedl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riedl L, Nagels A, Sammer G, Choudhury M, Nonnenmann A, S\u00fctterlin A, et al. Multimodal speech-gesture training in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder: effects on quality of life and neural processing. Schizophr Res. 2022;246:112\u201325.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"4059_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbl023","volume":"32 Suppl 1","author":"A Kopelowicz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kopelowicz A, Liberman RP, Zarate R. Recent advances in social skills training for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32 Suppl 1:S12\u201323.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR90","first-page":"286","volume":"46","author":"S Walther","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walther S, Kunz M, M\u00fcller M, Z\u00fcrcher C, Vladimirova I, Bachofner H, et al. Single session transcranial magnetic stimulation ameliorates hand gesture deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2019;46:286\u201393.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4059_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191601","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1191601","volume":"ume 14","author":"A Pavlidou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pavlidou A, Gorisse G, Banakou D, Walther S. Using virtual reality to assess gesture performance deficits in schizophrenia patients. Front Psychiatry. 2023;ume 14:1191601.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"4059_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-01010-2","volume":"28","author":"DA P\u00e9rez-Ferrara","year":"2024","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Ferrara DA, Flores-Medina GY, Landa-Ram\u00edrez E, Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez DJ, Luna-Padilla JA, Sosa-Mill\u00e1n AL, et al. Social cognition training using virtual reality for people with schizophrenia: a scoping review. Virtual Reality. 2024;28:117.","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04059-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04059-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04059-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T01:02:35Z","timestamp":1780880555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04059-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-026-04059-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Dr Walther reported honoraria for medical education events from Neurolite outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"305"}}