{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:05:55Z","timestamp":1784077555506,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09150172110019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09150172110019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10960102310017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10960102310017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrated impaired inhibitory control and apathy symptoms, which are characterized by a reduction in self-initiated voluntary activities. However, whether deficits in inhibitory control are linked to apathy remains unclear. Here we investigated inhibitory control-related neural networks and associations with interview-based apathy and actigraphy-derived motor activity, an objective measure of apathy. Twenty-three patients with schizophrenia underwent 3T-fMRI scans during Go\/No-Go task. Task-related networks were identified via independent component analysis. Behavioral performance was examined using a drift diffusion model. Correlation and regression analyses examined relationships between apathy severity scores, motor activity, behavioral parameters, task-related networks engagement and connectivity. Patients with higher levels of apathy showed reduced motor activity levels, lower overall accuracy rate in inhibitory control, particularly more inhibitory errors, lower Go-condition processing efficiency, and reduced stimulus sensitivity. On the neural level, higher apathy correlated with weaker ventral attention network (vAN) engagement during successful inhibition, and weaker default mode network (DMN) engagement during failed inhibition, although the latter association was influenced by age and depressive symptoms. Stronger left posterior cingulate cortex spatial contribution to DMN and weaker vAN-DMN coupling were associated with higher apathy in patients with schizophrenia. Motor activity levels were unrelated to inhibitory-related networks. Higher apathy in schizophrenia was related to worse inhibitory control performance and decreased vAN and DMN recruitment and connectivity during response inhibition, indicating impairments in sustaining attention on the task and allocating cognitive resources in response to external demands. Dysfunctional neural networks underpinning inhibition may contribute to reduced goal-directed behavior. Motor activity appears to be related to apathy in terms of auto-activation, but not in terms of cognitive inhibitory control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-026-04066-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T14:45:09Z","timestamp":1779374709000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inhibitory control deficits and ventral attention network alterations linked to apathy in schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4890-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenrui","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Jos\u00e9","family":"van Tol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Bernard C.","family":"Marsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Kos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle N.","family":"Servaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Aleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"4066_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleman A, Lanct\u00f4t K Apathy: clinical and neuroscientific perspectives from neurology and psychiatry. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 1 Aug. 2021.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198841807.001.0001"},{"key":"4066_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj043","volume":"16","author":"R Levy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Levy R, Dubois B. Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits. Cereb Cortex. 2006;16:916\u201328.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"4066_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.004","volume":"116","author":"I B\u00e8gue","year":"2020","unstructured":"B\u00e8gue I, Kaiser S, Kirschner M. Pathophysiology of negative symptom dimensions of schizophrenia \u2013 current developments and implications for treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;116:74\u201388.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4066_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.11.1495","volume":"60","author":"A Faerden","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faerden A, Friis S, Agartz I, Barrett EA, Nesv\u00e5g R, Finset A, et al. Apathy and functioning in first-episode psychosis. Psychiatr Serv Wash DC. 2009;60:1495\u2013503.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv Wash DC"},{"key":"4066_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000184","volume":"27","author":"G Sauv\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sauv\u00e9 G, Brodeur MB, Shah JL, Lepage M. The prevalence of negative symptoms across the stages of the psychosis continuum. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2019;27:15.","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"4066_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkad002","volume":"3","author":"Y Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan Y, Wen Y, Wang Y, Schilbach L, Chen J. Interpersonal coordination in schizophrenia: a concise update on paradigms, computations, and neuroimaging findings. Psychoradiology. 2023;3:kkad002.","journal-title":"Psychoradiology"},{"key":"4066_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx096","volume":"44","author":"D Fulford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fulford D, Piskulic D, Addington J, Kane JM, Schooler NR, Mueser KT. Prospective relationships between motivation and functioning in recovery after a first episode of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2018;44:369\u201377.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4066_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-1","volume":"9","author":"A Faerden","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faerden A, Vaskinn A, Finset A, Agartz I, Ann Barrett E, Friis S, et al. Apathy is associated with executive functioning in first episode psychosis. BMC Psychiatry. 2009;9:1.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"4066_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.07.003","volume":"133","author":"G Konstantakopoulos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Konstantakopoulos G, Ploumpidis D, Oulis P, Patrikelis P, Soumani A, Papadimitriou GN, et al. Apathy, cognitive deficits and functional impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2011;133:193\u20138.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"4066_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.11.028","volume":"161","author":"EJ Liemburg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liemburg EJ, Dlabac-De Lange JJLAS, Bais L, Knegtering H, van Osch MJP, Renken RJ, et al. Neural correlates of planning performance in patients with schizophrenia \u2014 relationship with apathy. Schizophr Res. 2015;161:367\u201375.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"4066_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23556","volume":"38","author":"NG Klaasen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klaasen NG, Kos C, Aleman A, Opmeer EM. Apathy is related to reduced activation in cognitive control regions during set-shifting. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38:2722\u201333.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"4066_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009085417776","volume":"11","author":"RA Barkley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barkley RA. The executive functions and self-regulation: an evolutionary neuropsychological perspective. Neuropsychol Rev. 2001;11:1\u201329.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"4066_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.003","volume":"18","author":"AR Aron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aron AR, Robbins TW, Poldrack RA. Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: one decade on. Trends Cogn Sci. 2014;18:177\u201385.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"4066_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.015","volume":"46","author":"DJ Simmonds","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simmonds DJ, Pekar JJ, Mostofsky SH. Meta-analysis of Go\/No-go tasks demonstrating that fMRI activation associated with response inhibition is task-dependent. Neuropsychologia. 2008;46:224\u201332.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"4066_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.06.001","volume":"256","author":"VR Steele","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steele VR, Aharoni E, Munro GE, Calhoun VD, Nyalakanti P, Stevens MC, et al. A large scale (N = 102) functional neuroimaging study of response inhibition in a Go\/NoGo task. Behav Brain Res. 2013;256:529\u201336.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"4066_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105544","volume":"158","author":"T Aziz-Safaie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aziz-Safaie T, M\u00fcller VI, Langner R, Eickhoff SB, Cieslik EC. The effect of task complexity on the neural network for response inhibition: an ALE meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;158:105544.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4066_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.11.003","volume":"37","author":"M Criaud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Criaud M, Boulinguez P. Have we been asking the right questions when assessing response inhibition in go\/no-go tasks with fMRI? A meta-analysis and critical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37:11\u201323.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4066_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.08.017","volume":"169","author":"M Vanova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vanova M, Ettinger U, Aldridge-Waddon L, Jennings B, Norbury R, Kumari V. Positive schizotypy and Motor Impulsivity correlate with response aberrations in ventral attention network during inhibitory control. Cortex. 2023;169:235\u201348.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"4066_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20478","volume":"30","author":"MC Stevens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stevens MC, Kiehl KA, Pearlson GD, Calhoun VD. Brain network dynamics during error commission. Hum Brain Mapp. 2007;30:24.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"4066_CR20","first-page":"530","volume":"5","author":"A Weigard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weigard A, Soules M, Ferris B, Zucker RA, Sripada C, Heitzeg M. Cognitive modeling informs interpretation of Go\/No-Go task-related neural activations and their links to externalizing psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2020;5:530\u201341.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"4066_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25322","volume":"42","author":"R Sol\u00eds-Vivanco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sol\u00eds-Vivanco R, Jensen O, Bonnefond M. New insights on the ventral attention network: active suppression and involuntary recruitment during a bimodal task. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42:1699\u2013713.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"4066_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1443-x","volume":"222","author":"R Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang R, Geng X, Lee TMC. Large-scale functional neural network correlates of response inhibition: an fMRI meta-analysis. Brain Struct Funct. 2017;222:3973\u201390.","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"4066_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.11.020","volume":"180","author":"M Krakowski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Krakowski M, Hoptman MJ, Czobor P. Dysfunctional activation of the default mode network in response inhibition in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 2024;180:411\u20137.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"4066_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318265","volume":"90","author":"C Le Heron","year":"2019","unstructured":"Le Heron C, Holroyd CB, Salamone J, Husain M. Brain mechanisms underlying apathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90:302\u201312.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4066_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.012","volume":"69","author":"C Kos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kos C, Van Tol M-J, Marsman J-BC, Knegtering H, Aleman A. Neural correlates of apathy in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, acquired brain injury, and psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;69:381\u2013401.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4066_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.003","volume":"118","author":"C Le Heron","year":"2018","unstructured":"Le Heron C, Apps MAJ, Husain M. The anatomy of apathy: a neurocognitive framework for amotivated behaviour. Neuropsychologia. 2018;118:54\u201367.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"4066_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0151-y","volume":"45","author":"C Huang-Pollock","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang-Pollock C, Ratcliff R, McKoon G, Shapiro Z, Weigard A, Galloway-Long H. Using the diffusion model to explain cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2017;45:57\u201368.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"4066_CR28","first-page":"42","volume":"5","author":"R Ratcliff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ratcliff R, Huang-Pollock C, McKoon G. Modeling individual differences in the Go\/No-go task with a diffusion model. Decis Wash DC. 2018;5:42\u201362.","journal-title":"Decis Wash DC"},{"key":"4066_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100483108","volume":"108","author":"R Ratcliff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ratcliff R, Van Dongen HPA. Diffusion model for one-choice reaction-time tasks and the cognitive effects of sleep deprivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2011;108:11285\u201390.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"4066_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.09.034","volume":"195","author":"A Kluge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kluge A, Kirschner M, Hager OM, Bischof M, Habermeyer B, Seifritz E, et al. Combining actigraphy, ecological momentary assessment and neuroimaging to study apathy in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018;195:176\u201382.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"4066_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby108","volume":"45","author":"MN Servaas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Servaas MN, Kos C, Gravel N, Renken RJ, Marsman J-BC, van Tol M-J, et al. Rigidity in motor behavior and brain functioning in patients with schizophrenia and high levels of apathy. Schizophr Bull. 2019;45:542\u201351.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4066_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90040-V","volume":"38","author":"RS Marin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Marin RS, Biedrzycki RC, Firinciogullari S. Reliability and validity of the apathy evaluation scale. Psychiatry Res. 1991;38:143\u201362.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"4066_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.09.002","volume":"23","author":"A Faerden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faerden A, Nesv\u00e5g R, Barrett EA, Agartz I, Finset A, Friis S, et al. Assessing apathy: the use of the apathy evaluation scale in first episode psychosis. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23:33\u201339.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"4066_CR34","first-page":"22","volume":"59","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:22\u201333.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"4066_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:261\u201376.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4066_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000291496","volume":"155","author":"NC Andreasen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Andreasen NC. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS): conceptual and theoretical foundations. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;155:49\u201352.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4066_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(95)00070-4","volume":"19","author":"D Addington","year":"1996","unstructured":"Addington D, Addington J, Atkinson M. A psychometric comparison of the calgary depression scale for schizophrenia and the hamilton depression rating scale. Schizophr Res. 1996;19:205\u201312.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"4066_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2005.11.001","volume":"40","author":"DE Gard","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gard DE, Gard MG, Kring AM, John OP. Anticipatory and consummatory components of the experience of pleasure: a scale development study. J Res Personal. 2006;40:1086\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Res Personal"},{"key":"4066_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1159\/000355293","volume":"68","author":"L Docx","year":"2013","unstructured":"Docx L, Sabbe B, Provinciael P, Merckx N, Morrens M. Quantitative psychomotor dysfunction in schizophrenia: a loss of drive, impaired movement execution or both?. Neuropsychobiology. 2013;68:221\u20137.","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"4066_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.12.002","volume":"192","author":"S Walther","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walther S, Federspiel A, Horn H, Razavi N, Wiest R, Dierks T, et al. Resting state cerebral blood flow and objective motor activity reveal basal ganglia dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2011;192:117\u201324.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"4066_CR41","first-page":"191","volume":"5","author":"S Walther","year":"2014","unstructured":"Walther S, Stegmayer K, Horn H, Razavi N, M\u00fcller TJ, Strik W. Physical activity in schizophrenia is higher in the first episode than in subsequent ones. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:191.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"4066_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014173","volume":"13","author":"S Jahng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jahng S, Wood PK, Trull TJ. Analysis of affective instability in ecological momentary assessment: indices using successive difference and group comparison via multilevel modeling. Psychol Methods. 2008;13:354\u201375.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"4066_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2016.13.1.112","volume":"13","author":"OB Fasmer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fasmer OB, Hauge E, Berle J\u00d8, Dilsaver S, Oedegaard KJ. Distribution of active and resting periods in the motor activity of patients with depression and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Investig. 2016;13:112\u201320.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"4066_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196302","volume":"9","author":"R Ratcliff","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ratcliff R, Tuerlinckx F. Estimating parameters of the diffusion model: approaches to dealing with contaminant reaction times and parameter variability. Psychon Bull Rev. 2002;9:438\u201381.","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"4066_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2011.00002","volume":"5","author":"EA Allen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allen EA, Erhardt EB, Damaraju E, Gruner W, Segall JM, Silva RF, et al. A baseline for the multivariate comparison of resting-state networks. Front Syst Neurosci. 2011;5:2.","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"4066_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118164","volume":"237","author":"A Dworetsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dworetsky A, Seitzman BA, Adeyemo B, Neta M, Coalson RS, Petersen SE, et al. Probabilistic mapping of human functional brain networks identifies regions of high group consensus. NeuroImage. 2021;237:118164.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"4066_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.038","volume":"79","author":"J Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu J, Zhang S, Calhoun VD, Monterosso J, Li C-SR, Worhunsky PD, et al. Task-related concurrent but opposite modulations of overlapping functional networks as revealed by spatial ICA. NeuroImage. 2013;79:62\u201371.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"4066_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26454","volume":"44","author":"FM Branzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Branzi FM, Lambon Ralph MA. Semantic-specific and domain-general mechanisms for integration and update of contextual information. Hum Brain Mapp. 2023;44:5547\u201366.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"4066_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4676","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25982","volume":"43","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang C, Wei Y, Miao P, Liu J, Wu L, et al. Abnormal functional connectivities patterns of multidomain cognitive impairments in pontine stroke patients. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022;43:4676.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"4066_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.3.450","volume":"164","author":"AG Garrity","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garrity AG, Pearlson GD, McKiernan K, Lloyd D, Kiehl KA, Calhoun VD. Aberrant \u2018default mode\u2019 functional connectivity in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:450\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4066_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118400","volume":"241","author":"MS Messel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Messel MS, Raud L, Hoff PK, Stubberud J, Huster RJ. Frontal-midline theta reflects different mechanisms associated with proactive and reactive control of inhibition. NeuroImage. 2021;241:118400.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"4066_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858413494269","volume":"20","author":"S Vossel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vossel S, Geng JJ, Fink GR. Dorsal and ventral attention systems: distinct neural circuits but collaborative roles. The Neuroscientist. 2014;20:150\u20139.","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist"},{"key":"4066_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx198","volume":"45","author":"SL Fryer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fryer SL, Roach BJ, Ford JM, Donaldson KR, Calhoun VD, Pearlson GD, et al. Should I stay or should I go? FMRI study of response inhibition in early illness schizophrenia and risk for psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2019;45:158\u201368.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4066_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.04.189","volume":"32","author":"E Arce","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arce E, Leland DS, Miller DA, Simmons AN, Winternheimer KC, Paulus MP. Individuals with schizophrenia present hypo- and hyperactivation during implicit cueing in an inhibitory task. NeuroImage. 2006;32:704\u201313.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"4066_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001283","volume":"48","author":"E Walton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walton E, Hibar DP, van Erp TG, Potkin SG, Roiz-Santia\u00f1ez R, Crespo-Facorro B, et al. Left medial orbitofrontal cortical thinning is associated with negative symptom severity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis by the ENIGMA-Schizophrenia consortium. Psychol Med. 2018;48:82\u201394.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4066_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722000010","volume":"53","author":"A Demjaha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Demjaha A, Galderisi S, Glenth\u00f8j B, Arango C, Mucci A, Lawrence A, et al. Negative symptoms in First-Episode Schizophrenia related to morphometric alterations in orbitofrontal and superior temporal cortex: the OPTiMiSE study. Psychol Med. 2023;53:3471\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4066_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sbaf078","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaf078","volume":"52","author":"M Franz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Franz M, Kebets V, Berg X, Georgiadis F, Milano BA, Burrer A, et al. Orbitofrontal thickness and network associations as transdiagnostic signature of amotivation along the bipolar-schizophrenia spectrum. Schizophr Bull. 2025;52:sbaf078.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4066_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa169","volume":"47","author":"M Kirschner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kirschner M, Schmidt A, Hodzic-Santor B, Burrer A, Manoliu A, Zeighami Y, et al. Orbitofrontal-striatal structural alterations linked to negative symptoms at different stages of the schizophrenia spectrum. Schizophr Bull. 2020;47:849\u201363.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"4066_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16241","volume":"59","author":"X Hong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hong X, Xu L, Hu Y, Qian Z, Wang J, Li C, et al. An event-related potential study of prepotent motor activity and response inhibition deficits in schizophrenia. Eur J Neurosci. 2024;59:1933\u201345.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"4066_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2817-11.2012","volume":"32","author":"X Wen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wen X, Yao L, Liu Y, Ding M. Causal interactions in attention networks predict behavioral performance. J Neurosci. 2012;32:1284\u201392.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"4066_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.10.030","volume":"90","author":"EE Barkley-Levenson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barkley-Levenson EE, Fox CR. The surprising relationship between indecisiveness and impulsivity. Personal Individ Differ. 2016;90:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"4066_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3001566","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001566","volume":"20","author":"J Scholl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scholl J, Trier HA, Rushworth MFS, Kolling N. The effect of apathy and compulsivity on planning and stopping in sequential decision-making. PLOS Biol. 2022;20:e3001566.","journal-title":"PLOS Biol"},{"key":"4066_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0193(200103)12:3<131::AID-HBM1010>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"12","author":"V Menon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Menon V, Adleman NE, White CD, Glover GH, Reiss AL. Error-related brain activation during a Go\/NoGo response inhibition task. Hum Brain Mapp. 2001;12:131\u201343.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"4066_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.046","volume":"54","author":"KE Becerril","year":"2011","unstructured":"Becerril KE, Repovs G, Barch DM. Error processing network dynamics in schizophrenia. NeuroImage. 2011;54:1495\u2013505.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"4066_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-021-00480-1","volume":"16","author":"W Xi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xi W, Chen Q, Li Y, Ding K, Qiu J. The brain functional connectivity in the default mode network is associated with self-efficacy in young adults. Brain Imaging Behav. 2022;16:107\u201317.","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"4066_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000413","volume":"34","author":"MA Babicz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Babicz MA, Matchanova A, Woods SP. Apathy among persons living with HIV is associated with lower self-efficacy for health care provider interactions. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care JANAC. 2023;34:389\u201397.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care JANAC"},{"key":"4066_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x-anp-2020-0185","volume":"79","author":"I Estrada-Bellmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Estrada-Bellmann I, Mel\u00e9ndez-Flores JD, C\u00e1mara-Lemarroy CR, Castillo-Torres SA. Determinants of self-efficacy in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2021;79:686\u201391.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"4066_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2012.05.003","volume":"168","author":"R Levy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Levy R. Apathy: a pathology of goal-directed behaviour: a new concept of the clinic and pathophysiology of apathy. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2012;168:585\u201397.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"4066_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169938","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169938","volume":"12","author":"Y-S Ang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ang Y-S, Lockwood P, Apps MAJ, Muhammed K, Husain M. Distinct subtypes of apathy revealed by the apathy motivation index. PLOS ONE. 2017;12:e0169938.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"4066_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.12.011","volume":"27","author":"K Helwegen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Helwegen K, Libedinsky I, van den Heuvel MP. Statistical power in network neuroscience. Trends Cogn Sci. 2023;27:282\u2013301.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"4066_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2094601","volume":"2016","author":"J Pajula","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pajula J, Tohka J. How many is enough? Effect of sample size in inter-subject correlation analysis of fMRI. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2016;2016:2094601.","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"4066_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3109\/08039480903274415","volume":"64","author":"U Sagen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sagen U, Faerden A, Haug T, Melle I, Finset A, Dammen T. Are there common core features of apathy in different neuropsychiatric samples as assessed by the apathy evaluation scale?. Nord J Psychiatry. 2010;64:49\u201357.","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4066_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.01.024","volume":"47","author":"E Liemburg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liemburg E, Castelein S, Stewart R, van der Gaag M, Aleman A, Knegtering H. Two subdomains of negative symptoms in psychotic disorders: established and confirmed in two large cohorts. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:718\u201325.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04066-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04066-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04066-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:01:32Z","timestamp":1784077292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04066-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-026-04066-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"361"}}