{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:20:25Z","timestamp":1783354825037,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32271134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32271134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25YJC190024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25YJC190024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-026-04073-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:04:53Z","timestamp":1778598293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional connectivity density alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder are associated with neurotransmitter and genetic profiles"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yian","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuyao","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siya","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woxin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihang","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinchao","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarui","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhisen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuoqi","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengqiong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gongjun","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3434-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"4073_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60240-3","volume":"374","author":"JS Abramowitz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abramowitz JS, Taylor S, McKay D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet. 2009;374:491\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4073_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0337-5","volume":"47","author":"Y Adam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adam Y, Meinlschmidt G, Gloster AT, Lieb R. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the community: 12-month prevalence, comorbidity and impairment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012;47:339\u201349.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"4073_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20298","volume":"25","author":"MM Norberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Norberg MM, Calamari JE, Cohen RJ, Riemann BC. Quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an evaluation of impairment and a preliminary analysis of the ameliorating effects of treatment. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25:248\u201359.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"4073_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3105","volume":"73","author":"SM Meier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meier SM, Mattheisen M, Mors O, Schendel DE, Mortensen PB, Plessen KJ. Mortality among persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder in Denmark. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73:268\u201374.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"4073_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340409","volume":"34","author":"B Biswal","year":"1995","unstructured":"Biswal B, Yetkin FZ, Haughton VM, Hyde JS. Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI. Magn Reson Med. 1995;34:537\u201341.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"4073_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.08.005","volume":"91","author":"W Bruin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bruin W, Denys D, van Wingen G. Diagnostic neuroimaging markers of obsessive-compulsive disorder: initial evidence from structural and functional MRI studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;91:49\u201359.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4073_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00929-9","volume":"46","author":"TC Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi TC, Pagliaccio D, Cyr M, Simpson HB, Marsh R. Network-based functional connectivity predicts response to exposure therapy in unmedicated adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021;46:1035\u201344.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"4073_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0613-3","volume":"45","author":"M Cyr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cyr M, Pagliaccio D, Yanes-Lukin P, Fontaine M, Rynn MA, Marsh R. Altered network connectivity predicts response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45:1232\u201340.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"4073_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.01.016","volume":"87","author":"DA G\u00fcrsel","year":"2018","unstructured":"G\u00fcrsel DA, Avram M, Sorg C, Brandl F, Koch K. Frontoparietal areas link impairments of large-scale intrinsic brain networks with aberrant fronto-striatal interactions in OCD: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;87:151\u201360.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4073_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104574","volume":"135","author":"J Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu J, Cao L, Li H, Gao Y, Bu X, Liang K, et al. Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;135:104574.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4073_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02077-0","volume":"28","author":"WB Bruin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bruin WB, Abe Y, Alonso P, Anticevic A, Backhausen LL, Balachander S, et al. The functional connectome in obsessive-compulsive disorder: resting-state mega-analysis and machine learning classification for the ENIGMA-OCD consortium. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:4307\u201319.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4073_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9885","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001414107","volume":"107","author":"D Tomasi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tomasi D, Volkow ND. Functional connectivity density mapping. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:9885\u201390.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"4073_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.05.024","volume":"57","author":"D Tomasi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tomasi D, Volkow ND. Functional connectivity hubs in the human brain. Neuroimage. 2011;57:908\u201317.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"4073_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.09.001","volume":"225","author":"J Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang J, Wei Q, Yuan X, Jiang X, Xu J, Zhou X, et al. Local functional connectivity density is closely associated with the response of electroconvulsive therapy in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:658\u201364.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4073_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.12.007","volume":"280","author":"J Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang J, Bi W, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Zhang Y, Feng H, et al. Abnormal functional connectivity density in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Behav Brain Res. 2015;280:113\u20138.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"4073_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.081","volume":"194","author":"K Zou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zou K, Gao Q, Long Z, Xu F, Sun X, Chen H, et al. Abnormal functional connectivity density in first-episode, drug-naive adult patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2016;194:153\u20138.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4073_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03459-4","volume":"15","author":"Y Xie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie Y, Guan M, Zhang T, Ma C, Li C, Wang L, et al. Unravelling the genetic and molecular basis of low-frequency rTMS induced changes in functional connectivity density in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations. Transl Psychiatry. 2025;15:237.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"4073_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518807058","volume":"47","author":"PW Shan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shan PW, Liu W, Liu C, Han Y, Wang L, Chen Q, et al. Aberrant functional connectivity density in patients with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study. J Int Med Res. 2019;47:2434\u201345.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"4073_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu132","volume":"137","author":"NA Crossley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crossley NA, Mechelli A, Scott J, Carletti F, Fox PT, McGuire P, et al. The hubs of the human connectome are generally implicated in the anatomy of brain disorders. Brain. 2014;137:2382\u201395.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4073_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706158","volume":"379","author":"MD Fox","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fox MD. Mapping symptoms to brain networks with the human connectome. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2237\u201345.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4073_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32420-y","volume":"13","author":"JY Hansen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansen JY, Shafiei G, Vogel JW, Smart K, Bearden CE, Hoogman M, et al. Local molecular and global connectomic contributions to cross-disorder cortical abnormalities. Nat Commun. 2022;13:4682.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4073_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.011","volume":"189","author":"A Arnatkeviciute","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnatkeviciute A, Fulcher BD, Fornito A. A practical guide to linking brain-wide gene expression and neuroimaging data. Neuroimage. 2019;189:353\u201367.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"4073_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.07.123","volume":"363","author":"Q Tao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tao Q, Dang J, Guo H, Zhang M, Niu X, Kang Y, et al. Abnormalities in static and dynamic intrinsic neural activity and neurotransmitters in first-episode OCD. J Affect Disord. 2024;363:609\u201318.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4073_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.076","volume":"344","author":"B Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li B, Lin Y, Ren C, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Han S. Gray matter volume abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder correlate with molecular and transcriptional profiles. J Affect Disord. 2024;344:182\u201390.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4073_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.02.146","volume":"329","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Sun J, Jiang J, Wan K, Tang Y, Zhang M, et al. Brain functional specialization in obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with neurotransmitter profiles. J Affect Disord. 2023;329:477\u201382.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4073_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"54","author":"D Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang D, Teng C, Xu Y, Tian L, Cao P, Wang X, et al. Genetic and molecular correlates of cortical thickness alterations in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a transcription-neuroimaging association analysis. Psychol Med. 2024;54:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4073_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3833","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25468","volume":"42","author":"GJ Ji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ji GJ, Xie W, Yang T, Wu Q, Sui P, Bai T, et al. Pre-supplementary motor network connectivity and clinical outcome of magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42:3833\u201344.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"4073_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011","volume":"106","author":"BT Yeo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yeo BT, Krienen FM, Sepulcre J, Sabuncu MR, Lashkari D, Hollinshead M, et al. The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol. 2011;106:1125\u201365.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"4073_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw157","volume":"26","author":"L Fan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan L, Li H, Zhuo J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chen L, et al. The human brainnetome atlas: a new brain atlas based on connectional architecture. Cereb Cortex. 2016;26:3508\u201326.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"4073_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000470","volume":"44","author":"GE Anholt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anholt GE, Aderka IM, van Balkom AJ, Smit JH, Schruers K, van der Wee NJ, et al. Age of onset in obsessive-compulsive disorder: admixture analysis with a large sample. Psychol Med. 2014;44:185\u201394.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4073_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.2.121","volume":"56","author":"G Skoog","year":"1999","unstructured":"Skoog G, Skoog I. A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder [see commetns]. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:121\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"4073_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3645-0","volume":"44","author":"S Kaller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaller S, Rullmann M, Patt M, Becker GA, Luthardt J, Girbardt J, et al. Test-retest measurements of dopamine D(1)-type receptors using simultaneous PET\/MRI imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:1025\u201332.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"4073_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01186-3","volume":"25","author":"JY Hansen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansen JY, Shafiei G, Markello RD, Smart K, Cox SML, N\u00f8rgaard M, et al. Mapping neurotransmitter systems to the structural and functional organization of the human neocortex. Nat Neurosci. 2022;25:1569\u201381.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"4073_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22444-0","volume":"8","author":"J Dukart","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dukart J, Holiga \u0160, Chatham C, Hawkins P, Forsyth A, McMillan R, et al. Cerebral blood flow predicts differential neurotransmitter activity. Sci Rep. 2018;8:4074.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4073_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.07.001","volume":"63","author":"M Savli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Savli M, Bauer A, Mitterhauser M, Ding YS, Hahn A, Kroll T, et al. Normative database of the serotonergic system in healthy subjects using multi-tracer PET. Neuroimage. 2012;63:447\u201359.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"4073_CR36","first-page":"120","volume":"37","author":"V Beliveau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beliveau V, Ganz M, Feng L, Ozenne B, H\u00f8jgaard L, Fisher PM, et al. A high-resolution in vivo atlas of the human brain\u2019s serotonin system. J Neurosci. 2017;37:120\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"4073_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-016-3590-3","volume":"44","author":"S Hesse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hesse S, Becker GA, Rullmann M, Bresch A, Luthardt J, Hankir MK, et al. Central noradrenaline transporter availability in highly obese, non-depressed individuals. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:1056\u201364.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"4073_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0978","volume":"15","author":"N Tzourio-Mazoyer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N, et al. Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage. 2002;15:273\u201389.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"4073_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117038","volume":"220","author":"JB Burt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burt JB, Helmer M, Shinn M, Anticevic A, Murray JD. Generative modeling of brain maps with spatial autocorrelation. Neuroimage. 2020;220:117038.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"4073_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11405","volume":"489","author":"MJ Hawrylycz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hawrylycz MJ, Lein ES, Guillozet-Bongaarts AL, Shen EH, Ng L, Miller JA, et al. An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome. Nature. 2012;489:391\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4073_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markello, RD, A Arnatkeviciute, JB Poline, BD Fulcher, A Fornito, and B Misic, Standardizing workflows in imaging transcriptomics with the abagen toolbox. Elife, 2021. 10.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.72129"},{"key":"4073_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.034","volume":"56","author":"A Krishnan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krishnan A, Williams LJ, McIntosh AR, Abdi H. Partial Least Squares (PLS) methods for neuroimaging: a tutorial and review. Neuroimage. 2011;56:455\u201375.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"4073_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02189-z","volume":"57","author":"NI Strom","year":"2025","unstructured":"Strom NI, Gerring ZF, Galimberti M, Yu D, Halvorsen MW, Abdellaoui A, et al. Genome-wide analyses identify 30 loci associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Genet. 2025;57:1389\u2013401.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"4073_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595","volume":"511","author":"Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 2014;511:421\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4073_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04434-5","volume":"604","author":"V Trubetskoy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trubetskoy V, Pardi\u00f1as AF, Qi T, Panagiotaropoulou G, Awasthi S, Bigdeli TB, et al. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia. Nature. 2022;604:502\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4073_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7","volume":"22","author":"DM Howard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard DM, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, Hafferty JD, Gibson J, Shirali M, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:343\u201352.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"4073_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01746-y","volume":"8","author":"W Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li W, Chen R, Feng L, Dang X, Liu J, Chen T, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis, functional genomics and integrative analyses implicate new risk genes and therapeutic targets for anxiety disorders. Nat Hum Behav. 2024;8:361\u201379.","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"4073_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01908-2","volume":"56","author":"E Friligkou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Friligkou E, L\u00f8khammer S, Cabrera-Mendoza B, Shen J, He J, Deiana G, et al. Gene discovery and biological insights into anxiety disorders from a large-scale multi-ancestry genome-wide association study. Nat Genet. 2024;56:2036\u201345.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"4073_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0397-8","volume":"51","author":"EA Stahl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stahl EA, Breen G, Forstner AJ, McQuillin A, Ripke S, Trubetskoy V, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. Nat Genet. 2019;51:793\u2013803.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"4073_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3738","volume":"78","author":"HJ Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li HJ, Zhang C, Hui L, Zhou DS, Li Y, Zhang CY, et al. Novel risk loci associated with genetic risk for bipolar disorder among han chinese individuals: a genome-wide association study and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:320\u201330.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"4073_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-023-00034-y","volume":"1","author":"AS Hatoum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hatoum AS, Colbert SMC, Johnson EC, Huggett SB, Deak JD, Pathak G, et al. Multivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis of over 1 million subjects identifies loci underlying multiple substance use disorders. Nat Ment Health. 2023;1:210\u201323.","journal-title":"Nat Ment Health"},{"key":"4073_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Zhou B, Pache L, Chang M, Khodabakhshi AH, Tanaseichuk O, et al. Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1523.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4073_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17051-5","volume":"11","author":"J Seidlitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seidlitz J, Nadig A, Liu S, Bethlehem RAI, V\u00e9rtes PE, Morgan SE, et al. Transcriptomic and cellular decoding of regional brain vulnerability to neurogenetic disorders. Nat Commun. 2020;11:3358.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4073_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12139","volume":"70","author":"J Viladomat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Viladomat J, Mazumder R, McInturff A, McCauley DJ, Hastie T. Assessing the significance of global and local correlations under spatial autocorrelation: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 2014;70:409\u201318.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"4073_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102915","volume":"33","author":"T Geffen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geffen T, Smallwood J, Finke C, Olbrich S, Sjoerds Z, Schlagenhauf F. Functional connectivity alterations between default mode network and occipital cortex in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Neuroimage Clin. 2022;33:102915.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"4073_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25794","volume":"43","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li X, Li H, Jiang X, Li J, Cao L, Liu J, et al. Characterizing multiscale modular structures in medication-free obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with no comorbidity. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022;43:2391\u20139.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"4073_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5617","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22574","volume":"35","author":"M G\u00f6ttlich","year":"2014","unstructured":"G\u00f6ttlich M, Kr\u00e4mer UM, Kordon A, Hohagen F, Zurowski B. Decreased limbic and increased fronto-parietal connectivity in unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35:5617\u201332.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"4073_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01780-w","volume":"12","author":"ER Stern","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stern ER, Eng GK, De Nadai AS, Iosifescu DV, Tobe RH, Collins KA. Imbalance between default mode and sensorimotor connectivity is associated with perseverative thinking in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12:19.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"4073_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R, F Zhang, P Wang, J Luo, Y Liu, K Huang, et al., Unveiling anomalies in visual processing regions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from gray matter volume and functional connectivity analyses. Brain Imaging Behav, 2025.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-025-01039-0"},{"key":"4073_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2015.10.007","volume":"50","author":"MC Bradley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bradley MC, Hanna D, Wilson P, Scott G, Quinn P, Dyer KF. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and attentional bias: An eye-tracking methodology. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2016;50:303\u20138.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"4073_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.04.007","volume":"53","author":"K Jhung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jhung K, Ku J, Kim SJ, Lee H, Kim KR, An SK, et al. Distinct functional connectivity of limbic network in the washing type obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014;53:149\u201355.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4073_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-02921-5","volume":"30","author":"H Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li H, Li B, Cao L, Jiang J, Chai S, Zhou H, et al. Dysregulated connectivity configuration of triple-network model in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2025;30:3138\u201349.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4073_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.046","volume":"102","author":"TW Robbins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robbins TW, Vaghi MM, Banca P. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: puzzles and prospects. Neuron. 2019;102:27\u201347.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"4073_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3746","volume":"15","author":"DL Pauls","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pauls DL, Abramovitch A, Rauch SL, Geller DA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15:410\u201324.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"4073_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12139","volume":"68","author":"HJ Hsieh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hsieh HJ, Lue KH, Tsai HC, Lee CC, Chen SY, Kao PF. L-3,4-Dihydroxy-6-[F-18]fluorophenylalanine positron emission tomography demonstrating dopaminergic system abnormality in the brains of obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;68:292\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"4073_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20268","volume":"25","author":"FR Schneier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schneier FR, Martinez D, Abi-Dargham A, Zea-Ponce Y, Simpson HB, Liebowitz MR, et al. Striatal dopamine D(2) receptor availability in OCD with and without comorbid social anxiety disorder: preliminary findings. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"4073_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1245-7","volume":"30","author":"CH Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim CH, Koo MS, Cheon KA, Ryu YH, Lee JD, Lee HS. Dopamine transporter density of basal ganglia assessed with [123I]IPT SPET in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:1637\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"4073_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152352","volume":"120","author":"PJ van Roessel","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Roessel PJ, Grassi G, Aboujaoude EN, Mench\u00f3n JM, Ameringen MVan, Rodr\u00edguez CI. Treatment-resistant OCD: pharmacotherapies in adults. Compr Psychiatry. 2023;120:152352.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"4073_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42311-5","volume":"14","author":"L Matityahu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matityahu L, Gilin N, Sarpong GA, Atamna Y, Tiroshi L, Tritsch NX, et al. Acetylcholine waves and dopamine release in the striatum. Nat Commun. 2023;14:6852.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4073_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0102-3","volume":"5","author":"DJ Stein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stein DJ, Costa DLC, Lochner C, Miguel EC, Reddy YCJ, Shavitt RG, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5:52.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"4073_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.07.059","volume":"186","author":"X Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu X, Liu Q, Zhu F, Jiang R, Lu Z, Wang C, et al. An engineered cellular carrier delivers miR-138-5p to enhance mitophagy and protect hypoxic-injured neurons via the DNMT3A\/Rhebl1 axis. Acta Biomater. 2024;186:424\u201338.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"4073_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2025.103550","volume":"82","author":"C Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu C, Tian Q, Li Z, Wang G, Han W, Jiang S, et al. FOXO3a-BAP1 axis regulates neuronal ferroptosis in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Redox Biol. 2025;82:103550.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"4073_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118008","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.8","volume":"4","author":"E Vieta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vieta E, Berk M, Schulze TG, Carvalho AF, Suppes T, Calabrese JR, et al. Bipolar disorders. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2018;4:118008.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"key":"4073_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01290-1","volume":"11","author":"SC Piantadosi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piantadosi SC, McClain LL, Klei L, Wang J, Chamberlain BL, Springer SA, et al. Transcriptome alterations are enriched for synapse-associated genes in the striatum of subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:171.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"4073_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101208","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2023-101208","volume":"37","author":"Q Xiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiao Q, Hou J, Xiao L, Zhou M, He Z, Dong H, et al. Lower synaptic density and its association with cognitive dysfunction in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Gen Psychiatr. 2024;37:e101208.","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatr"},{"key":"4073_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370221989263","volume":"246","author":"SM Sears","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sears SM, Hewett SJ. Influence of glutamate and GABA transport on brain excitatory\/inhibitory balance. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2021;246:1069\u201383.","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"4073_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77375-5_7","volume":"26","author":"K Tanaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanaka K. Astroglia and obsessive compulsive disorder. Adv Neurobiol. 2021;26:139\u201349.","journal-title":"Adv Neurobiol"},{"key":"4073_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38695-z","volume":"14","author":"M Biria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biria M, Banca P, Healy MP, Keser E, Sawiak SJ, Rodgers CT, et al. Cortical glutamate and GABA are related to compulsive behaviour in individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder and healthy controls. Nat Commun. 2023;14:3324.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4073_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2024.11.001","volume":"70","author":"GJ Ji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ji GJ, Cui Z, D\u2019Arcy RCN, Liao W, Biswal BB, Zhang Q, et al. Imaging brain white matter function using resting-state functional MRI. Sci Bull (Beijing). 2025;70:1384\u20138.","journal-title":"Sci Bull (Beijing)"},{"key":"4073_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-023-00111-2","volume":"1","author":"G-J Ji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ji G-J, Sun J, Hua Q, Zhang L, Zhang T, Bai T, et al. White matter dysfunction in psychiatric disorders is associated with neurotransmitter and genetic profiles. Nature Mental Health. 2023;1:655\u201366.","journal-title":"Nature Mental Health"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04073-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04073-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04073-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:06:12Z","timestamp":1783353972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04073-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-026-04073-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"332"}}