{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:18:45Z","timestamp":1783358325763,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-026-04084-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T23:23:26Z","timestamp":1778628206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Barriers and facilitators to implementing deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4174-954X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika M.","family":"Karaszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M. K.","family":"Beunk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6138-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gosse J. J.","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Beudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert F. G.","family":"Leentjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-406X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"Schruers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Schuurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pepijn","family":"van den Munckhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3191-3844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damiaan","family":"Denys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roel J. T.","family":"Mocking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4084_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0128-2","volume":"15","author":"AM Lozano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lozano AM, Lipsman N, Bergman H, Brown P, Chabardes S, Chang JW, et al. Deep brain stimulation: current challenges and future directions. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15:148\u201360.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"4084_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2012.00029","volume":"6","author":"SK Bourne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bourne SK, Eckhardt CA, Sheth SA, Eskandar EN. Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder: effects upon cells and circuits. Front Integr Neurosci. 2012;6:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"4084_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.04.120","volume":"10","author":"P Ooms","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ooms P, Blankers M, Figee M, Bergfeld IO, van den Munckhof P, Schuurman PR, et al. Cost-effectiveness of deep brain stimulation versus treatment as usual for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Stimul. 2017;10:836\u201342.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"4084_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03092-z","volume":"30","author":"SE Cohen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cohen SE, Niemeijer MJ, Zantvoord JB, van Wingen GA, Mocking RJT, Denys D. Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive-disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant outcome data from sham-controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry. 2025;30:4937\u201347.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4084_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karaszewska D, Bergfeld I, van Eijck R, Graat I, Vulink N, de Koning P, et al. Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Quevedo J, Brunoni AR, Hamani C, editors. Chapter 19. Road to Novel Therapeutics Interventional psychiatry. Academic Press; 2024. p. 479\u201398.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-18496-3.00018-5"},{"key":"4084_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.655412","volume":"15","author":"Y Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu Y, Mo J, Sui L, Zhang J, Hu W, Zhang C, et al. Deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis on efficacy and safety. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:655412.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"4084_CR7","first-page":"1239","volume":"9","author":"S Reddy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reddy S, Kabotyanski KE, Hirani S, Liu T, Naqvi Z, Giridharan N, et al. Efficacy of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2024;9:1239\u201348.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"4084_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-321758","volume":"91","author":"JM van der Wal","year":"2020","unstructured":"van der Wal JM, Bergfeld IO, Lok A, Mantione M, Figee M, Notten P, et al. Long-term deep brain stimulation of the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule for treatment-resistant depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91:189\u201395.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4084_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.06.010","volume":"15","author":"IO Bergfeld","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bergfeld IO, Ooms P, Lok A, de Rue L, Vissers P, de Knijff D, et al. Efficacy and quality of life after 6-9 years of deep brain stimulation for depression. Brain Stimul. 2022;15:957\u201364.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"4084_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18121427","volume":"176","author":"AL Crowell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crowell AL, Riva-Posse P, Holtzheimer PE, Garlow SJ, Kelley ME, Gross RE, et al. Long-term outcomes of subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176:949\u201356.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4084_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.581","volume":"10","author":"BH Bewernick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bewernick BH, Kayser S, Gippert SM, Switala C, Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE. Deep brain stimulation to the medial forebrain bundle for depression- long-term outcomes and a novel data analysis strategy. Brain Stimul. 2017;10:664\u201371.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"4084_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01504-y","volume":"27","author":"AJ Fenoy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fenoy AJ, Schulz PE, Sanches M, Selvaraj S, Burrows CL, Asir B, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the \u201cmedial forebrain bundle\u201d: sustained efficacy of antidepressant effect over years. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:2546\u201353.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4084_CR13","unstructured":"psychiatrie N. Angst- en dwangstoornissen. 2024. [Available from: https:\/\/richtlijnendatabase.nl\/richtlijn\/angst-_en_dwangstoornissen\/neuromodulatie_bij_rl_angst_en_dwangstoornissen_2023.html"},{"key":"4084_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.539","volume":"9","author":"A Mazzoleni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mazzoleni A, Bhatia S, Bantounou MA, Kumar NS, Dzalto M, Soiza RL. Clinical practice guidelines on the use of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: systematic review. BJPsych Open. 2023;9:e148.","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"4084_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757142","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.757142","volume":"12","author":"RJT Mocking","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mocking RJT, Graat I, Denys D. Why has deep brain stimulation had so little impact in psychiatry?. Front Neurol. 2021;12:757142.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"4084_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bergfeld IO, Dijkstra E, Graat I, Koning PD, Boom BJGVD, Arbab T, et al. Invasive and non-invasive neurostimulation for OCD. In: Fineberg NA, Robbins TW, editors. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences The neurobiology and treatment of OCD: accelerating process. current topics in behavioral neurosciences. Springer; 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/7854_2020_206","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2020_206"},{"key":"4084_CR17","unstructured":"Gaynes B, Asher G, Gartlehner G, Hoffman V, Green J, Boland J, et al. Definition of treatment-resistant depression in the medicare population. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). AHRQ Technology Assessments. 2018."},{"key":"4084_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1905","volume":"163","author":"AJ Rush","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Stewart JW, Warden D, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: A STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1905\u201317.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4084_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S299913","volume":"17","author":"R Ramasubbu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramasubbu R, Golding S, Williams K, Mackie A, MacQueen G, Kiss ZHT. Recruitment challenges for studies of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021;17:765\u201375.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"4084_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health SciencesPolicy; Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders. Norris SMP, Childers E, Pool R, editors. Exploring theAdoption of Implantable Brain Stimulation into Standard of Care for Central Nervous System Disorders: Proceedingsof a Workshop. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK603074\/, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/27657","DOI":"10.17226\/27657"},{"key":"4084_CR21","unstructured":"Exploring the adoption of implantable brain stimulation into standard of care for central nervous system disorders: a workshop."},{"key":"4084_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"4084_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-181","volume":"12","author":"A Tong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tong A, Flemming K, McInnes E, Oliver S, Craig J. Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research: ENTREQ. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012;12:181.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"4084_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02376-4","volume":"354","author":"B Nuttin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nuttin B, Cosyns P, Demeulemeester H, Gybels J, Meyerson B. Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet. 1999;354:1526.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4084_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Okoko JM, Tunison S, Walker KD. Content analysis. Varieties of qualitative research: selected contextual perspectives. The Social Science Journal. Springer; 2023. p. 85\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03623319.2023.2243681","DOI":"10.1080\/03623319.2023.2243681"},{"key":"4084_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","volume":"15","author":"HF Hsieh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15:1277\u201388.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"4084_CR27","unstructured":"CASP. CASP qualitative study checklist online: CASP. 2018. [Available from: https:\/\/casp-uk.net\/casp-tools-checklists\/"},{"key":"4084_CR28","unstructured":"CASP. CASP systematic review checklist online: CASP. 2018. [Available from: https:\/\/casp-uk.net\/casp-tools-checklists\/"},{"key":"4084_CR29","unstructured":"CASP. CASP case control study checklist online: CASP. 2018. [Available from: https:\/\/casp-uk.net\/casp-tools-checklists\/"},{"key":"4084_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.02.028","volume":"214","author":"E Wood","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wood E, Ohlsen S, Ricketts T. What are the barriers and facilitators to implementing Collaborative Care for depression? A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2017;214:26\u201343.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4084_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114612","volume":"313","author":"LY Cabrera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cabrera LY, Gilbert MMC, Achtyes ED, McCright AM, Bluhm R. Jumping through the hoops: barriers and other ethical concerns regarding the use of psychiatric electroceutical interventions. Psychiatry Res. 2022;313:114612.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"4084_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-020-09679-1","volume":"45","author":"LY Cabrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabrera LY, Courchesne C, Bittlinger M, Muller S, Martinez R, Racine E, et al. Authentic self and last resort: international perceptions of psychiatric neurosurgery. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2021;45:141\u201361.","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"key":"4084_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmmh.2023.100261","volume":"4","author":"S Cai Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai Chen S, Bluhm R, Achtyes ED, McCright AM, Cabrera LY. Looking through the lens of stigma: understanding and anticipating concerns about the responsible development and use of psychiatric electroceutical interventions (PEIs). SSM - Ment Health. 2023;4:100261.","journal-title":"SSM - Ment Health"},{"key":"4084_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2015.00052","volume":"9","author":"C Ineichen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ineichen C, Christen M. Analyzing 7000 texts on deep brain stimulation: what do they tell us?. Front Integr Neurosci. 2015;9:52.","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"4084_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/23294515.2023.2224592","volume":"15","author":"R Bluhm","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bluhm R, Sipahi ED, Achtyes ED, McCright AM, Cabrera LY. Stakeholders\u2019 ethical concerns regarding psychiatric electroceutical interventions: results from a US nationwide survey. AJOB Empir Bioeth. 2023;15:11\u201321.","journal-title":"AJOB Empir Bioeth"},{"key":"4084_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-021-09916-9","volume":"92","author":"LY Cabrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabrera LY, Gilbert MMC, McCright AM, Achtyes ED, Bluhm R. Beyond the Cuckoo\u2019s nest: patient and public attitudes about psychiatric electroceutical interventions. Psychiatr Q. 2021;92:1425\u201338.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"4084_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/13698575.2021.1979194","volume":"23","author":"LY Cabrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabrera LY, Nowak GR 3rd, McCright AM, Achtyes E, Bluhm R. A qualitative study of key stakeholders\u2019 perceived risks and benefits of psychiatric electroceutical interventions. Health Risk Soc. 2021a;23:217\u201335.","journal-title":"Health Risk Soc"},{"key":"4084_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2019.5","volume":"46","author":"J Cormier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cormier J, Iorio-Morin C, Mathieu D, Ducharme S. Psychiatric neurosurgery: a survey on the perceptions of psychiatrists and residents. Can J Neurol Sci. 2019;46:303\u201310.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4084_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21507740.2021.1958098","volume":"14","author":"R Bluhm","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bluhm R, Cortright M, Achtyes ED, Cabrera LY. \u201cThey are invasive in different ways.\u201d: Stakeholders\u2019 perceptions of the invasiveness of psychiatric electroceutical interventions. AJOB Neurosci. 2021;14:1\u201312.","journal-title":"AJOB Neurosci"},{"key":"4084_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2023.152365","volume":"122","author":"LY Cabrera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cabrera LY, Achtyes ED, Bluhm R, McCright AM. Views about neuromodulation interventions for depression by stakeholder group, treatment modality, and depression severity. Compr Psychiatry. 2023;122:152365.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"4084_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201600092","volume":"68","author":"SR Patel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patel SR, Galfavy H, Kimeldorf MB, Dixon LB, Simpson HB. Patient preferences and acceptability of evidence-based and novel treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Serv. 2017;68:250\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"4084_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1159\/000348323","volume":"91","author":"D Mendelsohn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mendelsohn D, Lipsman N, Lozano AM, Taira T, Bernstein M. The contemporary practice of psychiatric surgery: results from a global survey of functional neurosurgeons. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2013;91:306\u201313.","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"4084_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1159\/000323545","volume":"89","author":"N Lipsman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lipsman N, Mendelsohn D, Taira T, Bernstein M. The contemporary practice of psychiatric surgery: results from a survey of North American functional neurosurgeons. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2011;89:103\u201310.","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"4084_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.5.JNS091896","volume":"113","author":"D Mendelsohn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mendelsohn D, Lipsman N, Bernstein M. Neurosurgeons\u2019 perspectives on psychosurgery and neuroenhancement: a qualitative study at one center. J Neurosurg. 2010;113:1212\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4084_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1159\/000505080","volume":"97","author":"LY Cabrera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cabrera LY, Courchesne C, Kiss ZHT, Illes J. Clinical perspectives on psychiatric neurosurgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2019;97:391\u20138.","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"4084_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/21507716.2011.627579","volume":"2","author":"Y Leykin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leykin Y, Christopher PP, Holtzheimer PE, Appelbaum PS, Mayberg HS, Lisanby SH, et al. Participants\u2019 perceptions of deep brain stimulation research for treatment-resistant depression: risks, benefits, and therapeutic misconception. AJOB Prim Res. 2011;2:33\u201341.","journal-title":"AJOB Prim Res"},{"key":"4084_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-018-3696-4","volume":"160","author":"LY Cabrera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cabrera LY, Bittlinger M, Lou H, Muller S, Illes J. Reader comments to media reports on psychiatric neurosurgery: past history casts shadows on the future. Acta Neurochir. 2018;160:2501\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"4084_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-023-00028-9","volume":"2","author":"JM Tyron","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tyron JM, Bluhm R, Achtyes ED, McCright AM, Cabrera LY. The influence of prior awareness on views about psychiatric electroceutical interventions among non-clinician stakeholders. Npj Ment Health Res. 2023;2:6.","journal-title":"Npj Ment Health Res"},{"key":"4084_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.755276","volume":"15","author":"CJ Thomson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomson CJ, Segrave RA, Fitzgerald PB, Richardson KE, Racine E, Carter A. \u201cNothing to lose, absolutely everything to gain\u201d: patient and caregiver expectations and subjective outcomes of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Front Hum Neurosci. 2021;15:755276.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"4084_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_19_17","volume":"8","author":"M Naesstrom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naesstrom M, Blomstedt P, Hariz M, Bodlund O. Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: knowledge and concerns among psychiatrists, psychotherapists and patients. Surg Neurol Int. 2017;8:298.","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"4084_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2023.04.012","volume":"112","author":"N Acevedo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Acevedo N, J Castle D, Bosanac P, Groves C, L Rossell S. Patient feedback and psychosocial outcomes of deep brain stimulation in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Neurosci. 2023;112:80\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"4084_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01879-z","volume":"28","author":"V Visser-Vandewalle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Visser-Vandewalle V, Andrade P, Mosley PE, Greenberg BD, Schuurman R, McLaughlin NC, et al. Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a crisis for access. Nat Med. 2022;28:1523\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"4084_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09819-1","volume":"92","author":"LY Cabrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabrera LY, Nowak GR 3rd, McCright AM, Achtyes E, Bluhm R. Last resort interventions?: a qualitative study of psychiatrists\u2019 experience with and views on psychiatric electroceutical interventions. Psychiatr Q. 2021b;92:419\u201330.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"4084_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238212052198997","DOI":"10.1177\/2382120521989977","volume":"8","author":"BF Saway","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saway BF, Monjazeb S, Godbe K, Anwyll T, Kablinger A, Witcher M. Medical students\u2019 knowledge and perception of deep brain stimulation. J Med Educ Curric Dev. 2021;8:2382120521989977.","journal-title":"J Med Educ Curric Dev"},{"key":"4084_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ziesen NK, Kilian HM, Schlaepfer TE Beyond antidepressant effects of deep brain stimulation \u2013 a systematic qualitative approach. Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry. 2020;23\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmip.2020.100063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmip.2020.100063"},{"key":"4084_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000524567","volume":"100","author":"DM Kusyk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kusyk DM, Costa G, Schirmer CM, Whiting AC, Rosenow JM. Cross-sectional analysis of US health insurance payer policies for humanitarian device exemption indications for deep brain stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2022;100:244\u20137.","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"4084_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7397","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007397","volume":"96","author":"W Moon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moon W, Kim SN, Park S, Paek SH, Kwon JS. The cost-effectiveness of deep brain stimulation for patients with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Medicine. 2017;96:e7397.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"4084_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1177\/10497323211037642","volume":"31","author":"R Bluhm","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bluhm R, Castillo E, Achtyes ED, McCright AM, Cabrera LY. They affect the person, but for better or worse? Perceptions of electroceutical interventions for depression among psychiatrists, patients, and the public. Qual Health Res. 2021;31:2542\u201353.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"4084_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000956","volume":"44","author":"M Mantione","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mantione M, Nieman DH, Figee M, Denys D. Cognitive-behavioural therapy augments the effects of deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2014;44:3515\u201322.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4084_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5861","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722003130","volume":"53","author":"I Graat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Graat I, Franken S, van Rooijen G, de Koning P, Vulink N, de Kroo M, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a matched controlled study. Psychol Med. 2023;53:5861\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4084_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Haan S, Rietveld E, Denys D Being free by losing control: what obsessive-compulsive disorder can tell us about free will. In: Glannon W, editor. Free will and the brain: neuroscientific, philosophical, and legal perspectives. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press; 2015. p. 83\u2013102.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139565820.006"},{"key":"4084_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robillard JM, Cabral E, Feng TL Online health information-seeking: the case of deep brain stimulation in social media. Vitality, Medicine & Engineering Journal. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14283\/cw.2018.8","DOI":"10.14283\/cw.2018.8"},{"key":"4084_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.08.018","volume":"90","author":"I Graat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graat I, Mocking R, Figee M, Vulink N, de Koning P, Ooms P, et al. Long-term outcome of deep brain stimulation of the ventral part of the anterior limb of the internal capsule in a cohort of 50 patients with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;90:714\u201320.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4084_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1258190","volume":"15","author":"MC Olson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olson MC, Shill H, Ponce F, Aslam S. Deep brain stimulation in PD: risk of complications, morbidity, and hospitalizations: a systematic review. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023;15:1258190.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"4084_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0562-6","volume":"26","author":"JM Mench\u00f3n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mench\u00f3n JM, Real E, Alonso P, Aparicio MA, Segalas C, Plans G, et al. A prospective international multi-center study on safety and efficacy of deep brain stimulation for resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:1234\u201347.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4084_CR66","unstructured":"Godin S, LeBlanc B The history of lobotomies: examining its impacts on marginalized groups and the development of psychosurgery. Psychology from the Margins. 2020;2:7\u201310."},{"key":"4084_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S233094","volume":"15","author":"E Sadeghian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sadeghian E, Rostami P, Shamsaei F, Tapak L. The effect of counseling on stigma in psychiatric patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy: a clinical trial study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:3419\u201327.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"4084_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-018-9373-8","volume":"14","author":"F Gilbert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilbert F, Via\u00f1a JNM, Ineichen C. Deflating the \u201cDBS causes personality changes\u201d bubble. Neuroethics. 2018;14:1\u201317.","journal-title":"Neuroethics"},{"key":"4084_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175748","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175748","volume":"12","author":"S de Haan","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Haan S, Rietveld E, Stokhof M, Denys D. Becoming more oneself? Changes in personality following DBS treatment for psychiatric disorders: experiences of OCD patients and general considerations. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0175748.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4084_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E490","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.210028","volume":"46","author":"R Ramasubbu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramasubbu R, McAusland L, Chopra S, Clark DL, Bewernick BH, Kiss ZHT. Personality changes with subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation in patients with treatment-resistant depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2021;46:E490\u2013e9.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"4084_CR71","first-page":"519","volume":"112","author":"VA Coenen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coenen VA, Amtage F, Volkmann J, Schlapfer TE. Deep brain stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112:519\u201326.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"4084_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.642503","volume":"8","author":"H Pinckard-Dover","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinckard-Dover H, Ward H, Foote KD. The decline of deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder following FDA humanitarian device exemption approval. Front Surg. 2021;8:642503.","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"4084_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher CE, Dunn LB, Christopher PP, Holtzheimer PE, Leykin Y, Mayberg HS, Lisanby SH, Appelbaum PS. The ethics of research on deep brain stimulation for depression: decisional capacity and therapeutic misconception. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1265:69\u201379.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06596.x"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04084-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04084-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04084-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:04:10Z","timestamp":1783357450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04084-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-026-04084-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"RJTM, DD, RS and PM work on an investigator-initiated trial on deep brain stimulation for depression, sponsored in kind by Boston Scientific. RS is a consultant for Boston Scientific and Medtronic on educational events. Other authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"333"}}