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Adrenarche, an early stage of pubertal development marked by rising adrenal androgens, particularly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), may influence emotional and behavioral development. However, longitudinal evidence linking early-adolescent endocrine influences to adolescent psychopathology remains limited. Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (up to\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200911 696), we analyzed whether salivary DHEA during early adolescence predicted later externalizing and internalizing symptoms during adolescence. Early-adolescent hormone levels were averaged across baseline and 1-year follow-up (age range\u2009=\u20098.9\u201312.4 years). Outcomes were measured via the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at the 2-, 3-, and 4-year follow-ups (up to\u2009=\u200914.08\u2009\u00b1\u20090.68 years). Sex-stratified linear mixed models adjusted for age, race\/ethnicity, BMI and physical activity. In males, higher DHEA levels were linked to fewer externalizing symptoms across follow-ups (e.g., \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u20130.07\u2009SD change of CBCL per SD-change of log-transformed DHEA levels (95% CI [\u20130.10, \u20130.04] at 3-year) and fewer internalizing symptoms at 3-year and 4-year follow-ups. Higher early-adolescent DHEA in males also reduced the probability of externalizing symptoms to reach clinical thresholds across follow-ups (e.g., adjusted Risk Ratio\u2009=\u20090.81 to reach clinical threshold for CBCL externalizing per SD increase in log-transformed DHEA; 95% CI [0.70, 0.93] at 3-year). In females, no hormone\u2013symptom associations emerged. Sex-by-DHEA interaction effects tended to increase across follow-up years for both symptom domains. These findings suggest that early-adolescent adrenal endocrine influences may contribute to the development of sex-specific vulnerability during adolescence. Future studies should consider adrenarche as a sensitive period for hormonal effects on mental health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-026-04121-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:36:03Z","timestamp":1780569363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The sex-specific role of adrenal androgens in youth psychopathology"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Franka Edith","family":"Weisner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Serio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Valk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luise","family":"Bl\u00e4schke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5659-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anke","family":"Hinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Hirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2465-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Dinkelbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4121_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","volume":"62","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. 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