{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:52:09Z","timestamp":1791417129843,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":87,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Repetitive behaviors are classically associated with autism spectrum disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder, but also occur prominently in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Our recent work identified ADHD-like behaviors in\n                    <jats:italic>Cry1\u039411<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice, in which a mutation in a core circadian gene\n                    <jats:italic>Cry1<\/jats:italic>\n                    produces a\n                    <jats:italic>CRY1\u039411<\/jats:italic>\n                    protein that fails to inhibit the G\u03b1s subunit, leading to hyperactive signaling of dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1). Although this dysregulation was initially reported in the ventral striatum, we hypothesized that similar mechanisms might be present in the dorsal striatum, a brain region critically involved in the generation of repetitive behaviors and densely populated by DRD1-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Here, we demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>Cry1\u039411<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice exhibit robust repetitive behaviors, including excessive self-grooming and stereotyped rearing, which are associated with increased activity of DRD1-MSNs in the dorsolateral striatum. Chemogenetic manipulation further revealed that activation of these neurons induces excessive self-grooming, whereas their inhibition reduces such behavior, indicating bidirectional control over repetitive action. Critically, systemic administration of the DRD1 antagonist SCH23390 fully rescued both neuronal hyperactivity and behavioral abnormalities in mutant mice. Together, our findings establish a direct mechanistic link among a core circadian gene mutation, striatal dopaminergic hyperactivity, and repetitive behaviors, thereby identifying aberrant DRD1 signaling in the dorsolateral striatum as a promising target for therapeutic intervention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-026-04219-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T22:06:30Z","timestamp":1783980390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Increased activity of DRD1-MSNs in dorsolateral striatum underlies Cry1\u039411 mutation-induced repetitive behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiran","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyu","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Da","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4795-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suixin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4219_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2005.11.009","volume":"28","author":"J Hattori","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hattori J, Ogino T, Abiru K, Nakano K, Oka M, Ohtsuka Y. Are pervasive developmental disorders and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder distinct disorders?. Brain Dev. 2006;28:371\u20134.","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"4219_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S462030","volume":"20","author":"A De Giacomo","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Giacomo A, Craig F, Medicamento S, Gradia F, Sardella D, Costabile A, et al. Identifying autistic-like symptoms in children with ADHD: A comparative study using ADOS-2. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2024;20:1367\u201376.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"4219_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04800-0","volume":"51","author":"NJ Brierley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brierley NJ, McDonnell CG, Parks KMA, Schulz SE, Dalal TC, Kelley E, et al. Factor structure of repetitive behaviors across autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51:3391\u2013400.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"4219_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1865-0","volume":"44","author":"J Martin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martin J, Hamshere ML, O\u2019Donovan MC, Rutter M, Thapar A. Factor structure of autistic traits in children with ADHD. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44:204\u201315.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"4219_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2010.01338.x","volume":"54","author":"C Burbidge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burbidge C, Oliver C, Moss J, Arron K, Berg K, Furniss F, et al. The association between repetitive behaviours, impulsivity and hyperactivity in people with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2010;54:1078\u201392.","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"4219_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.65","volume":"121:","author":"RA Barkley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barkley RA. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull. 1997;121:65\u201394.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"4219_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2779(1999)5:3<177::AID-MRDD3>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"5","author":"RA Barkley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barkley RA. Response inhibition in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 1999;5:177\u201384.","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"key":"4219_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.12.021","volume":"102","author":"I Larsson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Larsson I, Aili K, L\u00f6nn M, Svedberg P, Nygren JM, Ivarsson A, et al. Sleep interventions for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic literature review. Sleep Med. 2023;102:64\u201375.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"4219_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084385","volume":"25","author":"E Predescu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Predescu E, Vaidean T, Rapciuc AM, Sipos R. Metabolomic markers in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children and adolescents\u2014a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:4385.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4219_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.3326","volume":"23","author":"A Hirano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hirano A, Fu YH, Pt\u00e1\u010dek LJ. The intricate dance of post-translational modifications in the rhythm of life. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2016;23:1053\u201360.","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"4219_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2106","volume":"8","author":"M Gallego","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gallego M, Virshup DM. Post-translational modifications regulate the ticking of the circadian clock. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007;8:139\u201348.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"4219_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-019-0704-0","volume":"11","author":"F Rijo-Ferreira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rijo-Ferreira F, Takahashi JS. Genomics of circadian rhythms in health and disease. Genome Med. 2019;11:82.","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"4219_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2007.72.052","volume":"72","author":"SM Siepka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Siepka SM, Yoo SH, Park J, Lee C, Takahashi JS. Genetics and neurobiology of circadian clocks in mammals. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2007;72:251\u20139.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol"},{"key":"4219_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.03.027","volume":"69","author":"A Patke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patke A, Murphy PJ, Onat OE, Krieger AC, \u00d6z\u00e7elik T, Campbell SS, et al. Mutation of the human circadian clock gene CRY1 in familial delayed sleep phase disorder. Cell. 2017;69:203\u201315.e13.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4219_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI135500","volume":"130","author":"OE Onat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onat OE, Kars ME, G\u00fcl \u015e, Bilguvar K, Wu Y, \u00d6zhan A, et al. Human CRY1 variants associate with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Invest. 2020;130:3885\u2013900.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"4219_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.170434","volume":"8","author":"D Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu D, Xie Z, Gu P, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang X, et al. Cry1\u039411 mutation induces ADHD-like symptoms through hyperactive dopamine D1 receptor signaling. JCI Insight. 2023;8:e170434.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"4219_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111110","volume":"27","author":"DO Kerosi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kerosi DO, Yin Y, Gu P, Liu D, Deng M, Li JD. Overactive PKA signaling underlies the hyperalgesia in an ADHD mouse model. iScience. 2024;27:111110.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"4219_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2214","volume":"16","author":"EE Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang EE, Liu Y, Dentin R, Pongsawakul PY, Liu AC, Hirota T, et al. Cryptochrome mediates circadian regulation of cAMP signaling and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Nat Med. 2010;16:1152\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"4219_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410728","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202410728","volume":"12","author":"D Lv","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lv D, Liu A, Yi Z, Mu M, Wu M, Li X, et al. Neuroligin 1 regulates autistic-like repetitive behavior through modulating the activity of striatal D2 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons. Adv Sci. 2024;12:2410728.","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"4219_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592710","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.592710","volume":"14","author":"T Gandhi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gandhi T, Lee CC. Neural mechanisms underlying repetitive behaviors in rodent models of autism spectrum disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2020;14:592710.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"4219_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-00324-7","volume":"11","author":"T Yoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoo T, Kim SG, Yang SH, Kim H, Kim E, Kim SY. A DLG2 deficiency in mice leads to reduced sociability and increased repetitive behavior accompanied by aberrant synaptic transmission in the dorsal striatum. Mol Autism. 2020;11:19.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"4219_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2021.11.005","volume":"2","author":"BA Briones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Briones BA, Pitcher MN, Fleming WT, Libby A, Diethorn EJ, Haye AE, et al. Perineuronal nets in the dorsomedial striatum contribute to behavioral dysfunction in mouse models of excessive repetitive behavior. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci. 2021;2:460\u20139.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci"},{"key":"4219_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.03.037","volume":"183","author":"S Charntikov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Charntikov S, Der-Ghazarian T, Herbert MS, Horn LR, Widarma CB, Gutierrez A, et al. Importance of D1 and D2 receptors in the dorsal caudate-putamen for the locomotor activity and stereotyped behaviors of preweanling rats. Neuroscience. 2011;183:121\u201333.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"4219_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2018.27.6.539","volume":"27","author":"Y Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee Y, Kim H, Han PL. Striatal inhibition of MeCP2 or TSC1 produces sociability deficits and repetitive behaviors. Exp Neurobiol. 2018;27:539\u201349.","journal-title":"Exp Neurobiol"},{"key":"4219_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01207-y","volume":"47","author":"A Casado-Sainz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Casado-Sainz A, Gudmundsen F, Baerentzen SL, Lange D, Ringsted A, Martinez-Tejada I, et al. Dorsal striatal dopamine induces fronto-cortical hypoactivity and attenuates anxiety and compulsive behaviors in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;47:454\u201364.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"4219_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2015.00022","volume":"9","author":"S Goto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goto S, Morigaki R, Okita S, Nagahiro S, Kaji R. Development of a highly sensitive immunohistochemical method to detect neurochemical molecules in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from autopsied human brains. Front Neuroanat. 2015;9:22.","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"4219_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado9965","volume":"11","author":"PS Markam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Markam PS, Bourguignon C, Zhu L, Ward B, Darvas M, Sabatini PV, et al. Mesolimbic dopamine neurons drive infradian rhythms in sleep-wake and heightened activity state. Sci Adv. 2025;11:eado9965.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"4219_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-025-00287-w","volume":"21","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Li X, Liu Y, Li X, Liu D, Han Q, et al. Knockout of Bmal1 in dopaminergic neurons induces ADHD-like symptoms via hyperactive dopamine signaling in male mice. Behav Brain Funct BBF. 2025;21:22.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct BBF"},{"key":"4219_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01052-9","volume":"21","author":"S Tamir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tamir S, Dye TJ, Witt RM. Sleep and circadian disturbances in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2025;21:103\u201320.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"4219_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9209","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.161269798","volume":"98","author":"A Loonstra","year":"2001","unstructured":"Loonstra A, Vooijs M, Beverloo HB, Allak BA, van Drunen E, Kanaar R, et al. Growth inhibition and DNA damage induced by cre recombinase in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:9209\u201314.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"4219_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-025-02116-0","volume":"50","author":"A Montemarano","year":"2025","unstructured":"Montemarano A, Fox LD, Alkhaleel FA, Ostman AE, Sohail H, Pandey S, et al. A Drd1-cre mouse line with nucleus accumbens gene dysregulation exhibits blunted fentanyl seeking. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2025;50:1993\u20132005.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"4219_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05635-4","volume":"237","author":"MO Chohan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chohan MO, Esses S, Haft J, Ahmari SE, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Altered baseline and amphetamine-mediated behavioral profiles in dopamine transporter cre (DAT-ires-cre) mice compared to tyrosine hydroxylase cre (TH-cre) mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2020;237:3553\u201368.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"4219_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aea3381","volume":"391","author":"K Yamashita","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yamashita K, Kinoshita FL, Yoshida SY, Matsumoto K, Mitani TT, Fujishima H, et al. A whole-brain single-cell atlas of circadian neural activity in mice. Science. 2026;391:eaea3381.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4219_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.06.084","volume":"27","author":"RM Grippo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grippo RM, Purohit AM, Zhang Q, Zweifel LS, G\u00fcler AD. Direct midbrain dopamine input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus accelerates circadian entrainment. Curr Biol. 2017;27:2465\u201375.e3.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"4219_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01809-y","volume":"28","author":"Q Tong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tong Q, Cui X, Xu H, Zhang X, Hu S, Huang F, et al. D1 receptor-expressing neurons in ventral tegmental area alleviate mouse anxiety-like behaviors via glutamatergic projection to lateral septum. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:625\u201338.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4219_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2015.8","volume":"17","author":"AV Kalueff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalueff AV, Stewart AM, Song C, Berridge KC, Graybiel AM, Fentress JC. Neurobiology of rodent self-grooming and its value for translational neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17:45\u201359.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"4219_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232380","volume":"340","author":"E Burgui\u00e8re","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgui\u00e8re E, Monteiro P, Feng G, Graybiel AM. Optogenetic stimulation of lateral orbitofronto-striatal pathway suppresses compulsive behaviors. Science. 2013;340:1243\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4219_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.045","volume":"158","author":"PE Rothwell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rothwell PE, Fuccillo MV, Maxeiner S, Hayton SJ, Gokce O, Lim BK, et al. Autism-associated neuroligin-3 mutations commonly impair striatal circuits to boost repetitive behaviors. Cell. 2014;158:198\u2013212.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4219_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0142-6","volume":"8","author":"AL Bey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bey AL, Wang X, Yan H, Kim N, Passman RL, Yang Y, et al. Brain region-specific disruption of Shank3 in mice reveals a dissociation for cortical and striatal circuits in autism-related behaviors. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:94.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"4219_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-10-03444.1996","volume":"16","author":"HC Cromwell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cromwell HC, Berridge KC. Implementation of action sequences by a neostriatal site: A lesion mapping study of grooming syntax. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 1996;16:3444\u201358.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci"},{"key":"4219_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01161-9","volume":"47","author":"KI Ram\u00edrez-Armenta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Armenta KI, Alatriste-Le\u00f3n H, Verma-Rodr\u00edguez AK, Llanos-Moreno A, Ram\u00edrez-Jarqu\u00edn JO, Tecuapetla F, et al. Optogenetic inhibition of indirect pathway neurons in the dorsomedial striatum reduces excessive grooming in Sapap3-knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;47:477\u201387.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"4219_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48331-z","volume":"15","author":"SC Piantadosi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Piantadosi SC, Manning EE, Chamberlain BL, Hyde J, LaPalombara Z, Bannon NM, et al. Hyperactivity of indirect pathway-projecting spiny projection neurons promotes compulsive behavior. Nat Commun. 2024;15:4434.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4219_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245478","volume":"109","author":"SR Wachtel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wachtel SR, Brooderson RJ, White FJ. Parametric and pharmacological analyses of the enhanced grooming response elicited by the D1 dopamine receptor agonist SKF 38393 in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 1992;109:41\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"4219_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300010","volume":"28","author":"D Joel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Joel D, Doljansky J. Selective alleviation of compulsive lever-pressing in rats by D1, but not D2, blockade: Possible implications for the involvement of D1 receptors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003;28:77\u201385.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"4219_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2015.00011","volume":"7","author":"F Espinosa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Espinosa F, Xuan Z, Liu S, Powell CM. Neuroligin 1 modulates striatal glutamatergic neurotransmission in a pathway and NMDAR subunit-specific manner. Front Synaptic Neurosci. 2015;7:11.","journal-title":"Front Synaptic Neurosci"},{"key":"4219_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2011.00041","volume":"5","author":"MK Lobo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lobo MK, Nestler EJ. The striatal balancing act in drug addiction: Distinct roles of direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons. Front Neuroanat. 2011;5:41.","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"4219_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-016-0087-y","volume":"12","author":"H Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim H, Lim CS, Kaang BK. Neuronal mechanisms and circuits underlying repetitive behaviors in mouse models of autism spectrum disorder. Behav Brain Funct BBF. 2016;12:3.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct BBF"},{"key":"4219_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00952-z","volume":"24","author":"YF Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang YF, Vargas Cifuentes L, Wright KN, Bhattarai JP, Mohrhardt J, Fleck D, et al. Ventral striatal islands of calleja neurons control grooming in mice. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24:1699\u2013710.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"4219_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87997","volume":"127","author":"W Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang W, Li C, Chen Q, van der Goes MS, Hawrot J, Yao AY, et al. Striatopallidal dysfunction underlies repetitive behavior in Shank3-deficient model of autism. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:1978\u201390.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"4219_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09965","volume":"472","author":"J Pe\u00e7a","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pe\u00e7a J, Feliciano C, Ting JT, Wang W, Wells MF, Venkatraman TN, et al. Shank3 mutant mice display autistic-like behaviours and striatal dysfunction. Nature. 2011;472:437\u201342.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4219_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42662-z","volume":"14","author":"YF Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang YF, Wu J, Wang Y, Johnson NL, Bhattarai JP, Li G, et al. Ventral striatal islands of calleja neurons bidirectionally mediate depression-like behaviors in mice. Nat Commun. 2023;14:6887.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4219_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00173.x","volume":"10","author":"S Ridray","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ridray S, Griffon N, Mignon V, Souil E, Carboni S, Diaz J, et al. Coexpression of dopamine D1 and D3 receptors in islands of calleja and shell of nucleus accumbens of the rat: Opposite and synergistic functional interactions. Eur J Neurosci. 1998;10:1676\u201386.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"4219_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(96)00029-2","volume":"73","author":"C Le Moine","year":"1996","unstructured":"Le Moine C, Bloch B. Expression of the D3 dopamine receptor in peptidergic neurons of the nucleus accumbens: Comparison with the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Neuroscience. 1996;73:131\u201343.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"4219_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.12.026","volume":"32","author":"H Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong H, Chen ZK, Guo H, Yuan XS, Liu CW, Qu WM, et al. Striatal neurons expressing dopamine D1 receptor promote wakefulness in mice. Curr Biol CB. 2022;32:600\u201313.e4.","journal-title":"Curr Biol CB"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04219-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04219-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04219-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:46:32Z","timestamp":1791416792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-026-04219-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-026-04219-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"All procedures were conducted under a protocol approved by the Ethics Committee, Central South University (DWSY-2024-0252).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"533"}}