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This systematic review and meta-analysis examined gray matter volume (GMV) alterations linked to CA in PD and BD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A PRISMA-compliant systematic review was conducted (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022351133). The EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases were searched from inception to June 2024 for studies investigating CA and structural brain imaging in PD and BD. Study quality was assessed with the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Data were extracted and synthesized accounting for sex differences and CA subtypes with brain findings categorized by the presence and direction of associations. Meta-analyses were performed for hippocampal and amygdala volumes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the systematic review (\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200929), 3056 participants with PD and BD (mean age\u2009=\u200936.6\u2009\u00b1\u200916.1; 47% female), published between 2011 and 2023, were included. Study quality was fair, with high heterogeneity. Most studies reported significant negative associations between CA and GMV, especially in prefrontal regions, while findings for the hippocampus and amygdala were largely null or inconsistent. Meta-analyses of a study subset identified no significant association between CA and hemisphere-specific and combined volumes of the hippocampus (\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.66) or amygdala (\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.87).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CA was not consistently associated with hippocampal or amygdala volume alterations in PD and BD. More consistent evidence emerged for reduced GMV in prefrontal regions, suggesting that neurobiological impact of CA may be more robustly captured at the cortical level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-026-04457-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T09:54:24Z","timestamp":1789811664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revisiting the link between childhood adversity and stress-sensitive brain regions in psychosis and bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2077-5673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teya","family":"Petrova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas \u00d8y","family":"Tennfjord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Cavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisling","family":"Holohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Kizilkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ava","family":"Ebrahimian-Roodbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Lepreux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Reimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Sideli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romayne","family":"Gadelrab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Trotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4461-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ole A.","family":"Andreassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0284-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Klauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8621-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Alameda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2338-5826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Aas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4457_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs050","volume":"38","author":"F Varese","year":"2012","unstructured":"Varese F, Smeets F, Drukker M, Lieverse R, Lataster T, Viechtbauer W, et al. 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