{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:02:02Z","timestamp":1790096522120,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Pharmacol Sin"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-026-01934-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:48:17Z","timestamp":1790088497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in the role of astrocytes in glioma progression and therapy"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"given":"Xiao-hong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-qian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1934_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy131","volume":"20","author":"QT Ostrom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Truitt G, Boscia A, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2011\u20132015. Neuro Oncol. 2018;20:iv1\u2013iv86.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"1934_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","volume":"352","author":"R Stupp","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:987\u201396.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1934_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.18718","volume":"318","author":"R Stupp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stupp R, Taillibert S, Kanner A, Read W, Steinberg D, Lhermitte B, et al. Effect of tumor-treating fields plus maintenance temozolomide vs maintenance temozolomide alone on survival in patients with glioblastoma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318:2306\u201316.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1934_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05301-9","volume":"22","author":"J White","year":"2024","unstructured":"White J, White MPJ, Wickremesekera A, Peng L, Gray C. The tumour microenvironment, treatment resistance and recurrence in glioblastoma. J Transl Med. 2024;22:540.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"1934_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.007","volume":"41","author":"F Giovannoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giovannoni F, Quintana FJ. The role of astrocytes in CNS inflammation. Trends Immunol. 2020;41:805\u201319.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"1934_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","volume":"119","author":"MV Sofroniew","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sofroniew MV, Vinters HV. Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119:7\u201335.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1934_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10493-6","volume":"10","author":"D Henrik Heiland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Henrik Heiland D, Ravi VM, Behringer SP, Frenking JH, Wurm J, Joseph K, et al. Tumor-associated reactive astrocytes aid the evolution of immunosuppressive environment in glioblastoma. Nat Commun. 2019;10:2541.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1934_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac222","volume":"145","author":"R Perelroizen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perelroizen R, Philosof B, Budick-Harmelin N, Chernobylsky T, Ron A, Katzir R, et al. Astrocyte immunometabolic regulation of the tumour microenvironment drives glioblastoma pathogenicity. Brain. 2022;145:3288\u2013307.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1934_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04607.x","volume":"973","author":"S Barbero","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barbero S, Bajetto A, Bonavia R, Porcile C, Piccioli P, Pirani P, et al. Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor 1 in human brain tumors and their involvement in glial proliferation in vitro. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;973:60\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1934_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-014-1522-4","volume":"31","author":"L Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhang Y. Tunneling nanotubes between rat primary astrocytes and C6 glioma cells alter proliferation potential of glioma cells. Neurosci Bull. 2015;31:371\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"1934_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62425","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11515","volume":"7","author":"W Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen W, Xia T, Wang D, Huang B, Zhao P, Wang J, et al. Human astrocytes secrete IL-6 to promote glioma migration and invasion through upregulation of cytomembrane MMP14. Oncotarget. 2016;7:62425\u201338.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1934_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-016-0778-0","volume":"33","author":"P Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu P, Wang Y, Liu X, Wang H, Zhang X, Wang K, et al. Malignant gliomas induce and exploit astrocytic mesenchymal-like transition by activating canonical Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling. Med Oncol. 2016;33:66.","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"1934_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6927","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-0880-8","volume":"55","author":"X Guan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guan X, Hasan MN, Maniar S, Jia W, Sun D. Reactive astrocytes in glioblastoma multiforme. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55:6927\u201338.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1934_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106210","volume":"80","author":"P Xin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xin P, Xu X, Deng C, Liu S, Wang Y, Zhou X, et al. The role of JAK\/STAT signaling pathway and its inhibitors in diseases. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;80:106210.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"1934_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3516-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"L Ben Haim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ben Haim L, Ceyz\u00e9riat K, Carrillo-de Sauvage MA, Aubry F, Auregan G, Guillermier M, et al. The JAK\/STAT3 pathway is a common inducer of astrocyte reactivity in Alzheimer\u2019s and Huntington\u2019s diseases. J Neurosci. 2015;35:2817\u201329.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1934_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.01.044","volume":"320","author":"Z Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Z, Yuan SJ, Li K, Zhang Q, Li TF, An HC, et al. Doxorubicin-polyglycerol-nanodiamond conjugates disrupt STAT3\/IL-6-mediated reciprocal activation loop between glioblastoma cells and astrocytes. J Control Release. 2020;320:469\u201383.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"1934_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603586","volume":"96","author":"A Tchirkov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tchirkov A, Khalil T, Chautard E, Mokhtari K, V\u00e9ron\u00e8se L, Irthum B, et al. Interleukin-6 gene amplification and shortened survival in glioblastoma patients. Br J Cancer. 2007;96:474\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"1934_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-017-0210-1","volume":"15","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Han S, Cheng W, Wang Z, Wu A. NFAT1-regulated IL6 signalling contributes to aggressive phenotypes of glioma. Cell Commun Signal. 2017;15:54.","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"1934_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30651-9_10","volume":"1202","author":"K Swiatek-Machado","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swiatek-Machado K, Kaminska B. STAT signaling in glioma cells. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1202:203\u201322.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"1934_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piperi C, Papavassiliou KA, Papavassiliou AG. Pivotal role of STAT3 in shaping glioblastoma immune microenvironment. Cells. 2019;8:1398.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111398"},{"key":"1934_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6042","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-4923","volume":"14","author":"HW Lo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lo HW, Cao X, Zhu H, Ali-Osman F. Constitutively activated STAT3 frequently coexpresses with epidermal growth factor receptor in high-grade gliomas and targeting STAT3 sensitizes them to Iressa and alkylators. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:6042\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"1934_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210031","volume":"26","author":"A Iwamaru","year":"2007","unstructured":"Iwamaru A, Szymanski S, Iwado E, Aoki H, Yokoyama T, Fokt I, et al. A novel inhibitor of the STAT3 pathway induces apoptosis in malignant glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene. 2007;26:2435\u201344.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"1934_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia ADR. New tricks for an old (Hedge)Hog: Sonic Hedgehog regulation of astrocyte function. Cells. 2021;10:1353.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061353"},{"key":"1934_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/384129a0","volume":"384","author":"DM Stone","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stone DM, Hynes M, Armanini M, Swanson TA, Gu Q, Johnson RL, et al. The tumour-suppressor gene patched encodes a candidate receptor for Sonic hedgehog. Nature. 1996;384:129\u201334.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1934_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drakulic D, Schwirtlich M, Petrovic I, Mojsin M, Milivojevic M, Kovacevic-Grujicic N, et al. Current opportunities for targeting dysregulated neurodevelopmental signaling pathways in glioblastoma. Cells. 2022;11:2530.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162530"},{"key":"1934_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118477","volume":"262","author":"L Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen L, Wang L, Qin J, Wei DS. CtBP2 interacts with ZBTB18 to promote malignancy of glioblastoma. Life Sci. 2020;262:118477.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"1934_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04524","volume":"440","author":"DH Jones","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jones DH, Nakashima T, Sanchez OH, Kozieradzki I, Komarova SV, Sarosi I, et al. Regulation of cancer cell migration and bone metastasis by RANKL. Nature. 2006;440:692\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1934_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.07.034","volume":"353","author":"JK Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim JK, Jin X, Sohn YW, Jin X, Jeon HY, Kim EJ, et al. Tumoral RANKL activates astrocytes that promote glioma cell invasion through cytokine signaling. Cancer Lett. 2014;353:194\u2013200.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"1934_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.70","volume":"4","author":"A Tchoghandjian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tchoghandjian A, Jennewein C, Eckhardt I, Rajalingam K, Fulda S. Identification of non-canonical NF-\u03baB signaling as a critical mediator of Smac mimetic-stimulated migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e564.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"1934_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0182-7","volume":"37","author":"P Jin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jin P, Shin SH, Chun YS, Shin HW, Shin YJ, Lee Y, et al. Astrocyte-derived CCL20 reinforces HIF-1-mediated hypoxic responses in glioblastoma by stimulating the CCR6-NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Oncogene. 2018;37:3070\u201387.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"1934_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-019-0494-4","volume":"18","author":"NW Colangelo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colangelo NW, Azzam EI. Extracellular vesicles originating from glioblastoma cells increase metalloproteinase release by astrocytes: the role of CD147 (EMMPRIN) and ionizing radiation. Cell Commun Signal. 2020;18:21.","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"1934_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01029-7","volume":"42","author":"M Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu M, Yan XF, Si Y, Chen XZ. CTGF triggers rat astrocyte activation and astrocyte-mediated inflammatory response in culture conditions. Inflammation. 2019;42:1693\u2013704.","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"1934_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi C, Lan S, Sun Z, Fan F, Luo X. cRGD-Functionalized macrophage extracellular vesicles loaded with GSK2033 enhance T cell antitumor immunity in GBM by disrupting the LXR\/ABCA1-mediated Myelin lipid transfer axis. J Nanobiotechnol. 2026;24:247.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-026-04116-8"},{"key":"1934_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-4242-0","volume":"37","author":"AL Placone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Placone AL, Qui\u00f1ones-Hinojosa A, Searson PC. The role of astrocytes in the progression of brain cancer: complicating the picture of the tumor microenvironment. Tumour Biol. 2016;37:61\u20139.","journal-title":"Tumour Biol"},{"key":"1934_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.102014","volume":"15","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang X, Li J, Huang Y, Yang A, Liu X, Luo Y, et al. Plasma extracellular vesicles from recurrent GBMs carrying LDHA to activate glioblastoma stemness by enhancing glycolysis. Theranostics. 2025;15:3655\u201372.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"1934_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3272","volume":"17","author":"S Tardito","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tardito S, Oudin A, Ahmed SU, Fack F, Keunen O, Zheng L, et al. Glutamine synthetase activity fuels nucleotide biosynthesis and supports growth of glutamine-restricted glioblastoma. Nat Cell Biol. 2015;17:1556\u201368.","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"1934_CR37","first-page":"1969","volume":"63","author":"S Barbero","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barbero S, Bonavia R, Bajetto A, Porcile C, Pirani P, Ravetti JL, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor 1\u03b1 stimulates human glioblastoma cell growth through the activation of both extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1\/2 and Akt. Cancer Res. 2003;63:1969\u201374.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"1934_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13749","volume":"28","author":"L Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo L, Chen Y, Hu S, Gao L, Tang N, Liu R, et al. GDF15 expression in glioma is associated with malignant progression, immune microenvironment, and serves as a prognostic factor. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2022;28:158\u201371.","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"1934_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2025.189518","volume":"1881","author":"S Cui","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cui S, Guan F, Li X, Long X, Wu M. Astrocytes in glioblastoma tumor microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2026;1881:189518.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"1934_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20884","volume":"57","author":"B Coquerel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coquerel B, Poyer F, Torossian F, Dulong V, Bellon G, Dubus I, et al. Elastin-derived peptides: matrikines critical for glioblastoma cell aggressiveness in a 3-D system. Glia. 2009;57:1716\u201326.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"1934_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3892\/or_00000795","volume":"23","author":"R Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li R, Li G, Deng L, Liu Q, Dai J, Shen J, et al. IL-6 augments the invasiveness of U87MG human glioblastoma multiforme cells via up-regulation of MMP-2 and fascin-1. Oncol Rep. 2010;23:1553\u20139.","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"1934_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29380","volume":"137","author":"A Shabtay-Orbach","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shabtay-Orbach A, Amit M, Binenbaum Y, Na\u2019ara S, Gil Z. Paracrine regulation of glioma cells invasion by astrocytes is mediated by glial-derived neurotrophic factor. Int J Cancer. 2015;137:1012\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"1934_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pantazopoulou V, Jeannot P, Rosberg R, Berg TJ, Pietras A. Hypoxia-induced reactivity of tumor-associated astrocytes affects glioma cell properties. Cells. 2021;10:613.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030613"},{"key":"1934_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1098482","volume":"11","author":"W Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu W, Hou X, Dong L, Hou W. Roles of STAT3 in the pathogenesis and treatment of glioblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11:1098482.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"1934_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20871","volume":"115","author":"S Loeffler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Loeffler S, Fayard B, Weis J, Weissenberger J. Interleukin-6 induces transcriptional activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in astrocytes in vivo and regulates VEGF promoter activity in glioblastoma cells via direct interaction between STAT3 and Sp1. Int J Cancer. 2005;115:202\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"1934_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0080-4","volume":"20","author":"A Dongre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dongre A, Weinberg RA. New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2019;20:69\u201384.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"1934_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01347-8","volume":"15","author":"Y Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang Y, Hong W, Wei X. The molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of EMT in tumor progression and metastasis. J Hematol Oncol. 2022;15:129.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"1934_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr224","volume":"103","author":"LA Edwards","year":"2011","unstructured":"Edwards LA, Woolard K, Son MJ, Li A, Lee J, Ene C, et al. Effect of brain- and tumor-derived connective tissue growth factor on glioma invasion. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103:1162\u201378.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"1934_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.11.016","volume":"122","author":"IC Iser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iser IC, Lenz G, Wink MR. EMT-like process in glioblastomas and reactive astrocytes. Neurochem Int. 2019;122:139\u201343.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"1934_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0735-1","volume":"68","author":"A Satelli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Satelli A, Li S. Vimentin in cancer and its potential as a molecular target for cancer therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011;68:3033\u201346.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"1934_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barzegar Behrooz A, Talaie Z, Jusheghani F, \u0141os MJ, Klonisch T, Ghavami S. Wnt and PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR survival pathways as therapeutic targets in glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:1353.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031353"},{"key":"1934_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2021.188616","volume":"1876","author":"MS Tomar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomar MS, Kumar A, Srivastava C, Shrivastava A. Elucidating the mechanisms of Temozolomide resistance in gliomas and the strategies to overcome the resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2021;1876:188616.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"1934_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2018.06.041","volume":"433","author":"T Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu T, Wang X, Zhi T, Zhang J, Wang Y, Nie E, et al. Delivery of MGMT mRNA to glioma cells by reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes confers a temozolomide resistance phenotype. Cancer Lett. 2018;433:210\u201320.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"1934_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-015-0487-0","volume":"32","author":"W Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen W, Wang D, Du X, He Y, Chen S, Shao Q, et al. Glioma cells escaped from cytotoxicity of temozolomide and vincristine by communicating with human astrocytes. Med Oncol. 2015;32:43.","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"1934_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uzu M, Sin WC, Shimizu A, Sato H. Conflicting roles of Connexin43 in tumor invasion and growth in the central nervous system. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:1159.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041159"},{"key":"1934_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00023","volume":"12","author":"L Xing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xing L, Yang T, Cui S, Chen G. Connexin hemichannels in astrocytes: role in CNS disorders. Front Mol Neurosci. 2019;12:23.","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"1934_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae237","volume":"27","author":"Y Gui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gui Y, Qin H, Zhang X, Chen Q, Ye F, Tian G, et al. Glioma-astrocyte connexin43 confers temozolomide resistance through activation of the E2F1\/ERCC1 axis. Neuro Oncol. 2025;27:711\u201326.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"1934_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz243","volume":"22","author":"M Jara\u00edz-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jara\u00edz-Rodr\u00edguez M, Talaver\u00f3n R, Garc\u00eda-Vicente L, Pelaz SG, Dom\u00ednguez-Prieto M, \u00c1lvarez-V\u00e1zquez A, et al. Connexin43 peptide, TAT-Cx43266-283, selectively targets glioma cells, impairs malignant growth, and enhances survival in mouse models in vivo. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22:493\u2013504.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"1934_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.06.007","volume":"9","author":"M Jara\u00edz-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jara\u00edz-Rodr\u00edguez M, Tabernero MD, Gonz\u00e1lez-Tablas M, Otero A, Orfao A, Medina JM, et al. A short region of Connexin43 reduces human glioma stem cell migration, invasion, and survival through Src, PTEN, and FAK. Stem Cell Rep. 2017;9:451\u201363.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep"},{"key":"1934_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4185","volume":"19","author":"D Hambardzumyan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hambardzumyan D, Gutmann DH, Kettenmann H. The role of microglia and macrophages in glioma maintenance and progression. Nat Neurosci. 2016;19:20\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1934_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1910856117","volume":"117","author":"JA Flores-Toro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flores-Toro JA, Luo D, Gopinath A, Sarkisian MR, Campbell JJ, Charo IF, et al. CCR2 inhibition reduces tumor myeloid cells and unmasks a checkpoint inhibitor effect to slow progression of resistant murine gliomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:1129\u201338.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1934_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.014","volume":"141","author":"BZ Qian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qian BZ, Pollard JW. Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis. Cell. 2010;141:39\u201351.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1934_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02023-w","volume":"23","author":"X Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin X, Kang K, Chen P, Zeng Z, Li G, Xiong W, et al. Regulatory mechanisms of PD-1\/PD-L1 in cancers. Mol Cancer. 2024;23:108.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"1934_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1584577","volume":"16","author":"H Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang H, Zhang X, Chai Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Chen X. Astrocyte-mediated inflammatory responses in traumatic brain injury: mechanisms and potential interventions. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1584577.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1934_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.039","volume":"22","author":"MM Boisvert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boisvert MM, Erikson GA, Shokhirev MN, Allen NJ. The aging astrocyte transcriptome from multiple regions of the mouse brain. Cell Rep. 2018;22:269\u201385.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1934_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00783-4","volume":"24","author":"C Escartin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Escartin C, Galea E, Lakatos A, O\u2019Callaghan JP, Petzold GC, Serrano-Pozo A, et al. Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24:312\u201325.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1934_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3002893","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002893","volume":"23","author":"M Ghosh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghosh M, Pilanc-Kudlek P, Baluszek S, Jacek K, Poleszak K, Szadkowska P, et al. Identification and characterization of tumor-associated astrocyte subpopulations and their interactions with the tumor microenvironment in experimental glioblastomas. PLoS Biol. 2025;23:e3002893.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"1934_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4680","volume":"13","author":"Q Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin Q, Liu Z, Ling F, Xu G. Astrocytes protect glioma cells from chemotherapy and upregulate survival genes via gap junctional communication. Mol Med Rep. 2016;13:1329\u201335.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"1934_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16375","volume":"25","author":"S Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang S, Gong Y, Wang H, Li Z, Huang Y, Fu X, et al. AS602801 sensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide and vincristine by blocking gap junction communication between glioma cells and astrocytes. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25:4062\u201372.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"1934_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4493","volume":"20","author":"CC John Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"John Lin CC, Yu K, Hatcher A, Huang TW, Lee HK, Carlson J, et al. Identification of diverse astrocyte populations and their malignant analogs. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20:396\u2013405.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1934_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08997-x","volume":"643","author":"C Faust Akl","year":"2025","unstructured":"Faust Akl C, Andersen BM, Li Z, Giovannoni F, Diebold M, Sanmarco LM, et al. Glioblastoma-instructed astrocytes suppress tumour-specific T cell immunity. Nature. 2025;643:219\u201329.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1934_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05030-w","volume":"9","author":"B Gril","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gril B, Paranjape AN, Woditschka S, Hua E, Dolan EL, Hanson J, et al. Reactive astrocytic S1P3 signaling modulates the blood-tumor barrier in brain metastases. Nat Commun. 2018;9:2705.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1934_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","volume":"9","author":"HS Kwon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwon HS, Koh SH. Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes. Transl Neurodegener. 2020;9:42.","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"1934_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazic A, Balint V, Stanisavljevic Ninkovic D, Peric M, Stevanovic M. Reactive and senescent astroglial phenotypes as hallmarks of brain pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:4495.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094995"},{"key":"1934_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0044-4","volume":"24","author":"N Priego","year":"2018","unstructured":"Priego N, Zhu L, Monteiro C, Mulders M, Wasilewski D, Bindeman W, et al. STAT3 labels a subpopulation of reactive astrocytes required for brain metastasis. Nat Med. 2018;24:1024\u201335.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1934_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-019-0756-z","volume":"38","author":"MJ Contreras-Z\u00e1rate","year":"2019","unstructured":"Contreras-Z\u00e1rate MJ, Day NL, Ormond DR, Borges VF, Tobet S, Gril B, et al. Estradiol induces BDNF\/TrkB signaling in triple-negative breast cancer to promote brain metastases. Oncogene. 2019;38:4685\u201399.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"1934_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang G, Qin M, Chen M, Shi Y, Liu S, Rao Y, et al. Anti-neuroinflammatory eremophilane sesquiterpenoids from marine-derived fungus phoma sp. DXH009. Mar Drugs. 2025;23:94.","DOI":"10.3390\/md23030094"},{"key":"1934_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-01776","volume":"20","author":"L Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang L, Wei J, Liu X, Li D, Pang X, Chen F, et al. Gut microbiota-astrocyte axis: new insights into age-related cognitive decline. Neural Regen Res. 2025;20:990\u20131008.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"1934_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae013","volume":"26","author":"M Dankner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dankner M, Maritan SM, Priego N, Kruck G, Nkili-Meyong A, Nadaf J, et al. Invasive growth of brain metastases is linked to CHI3L1 release from pSTAT3-positive astrocytes. Neuro Oncol. 2024;26:1052\u201366.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"1934_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01526-9","volume":"11","author":"JM Lawrence","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lawrence JM, Schardien K, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. Roles of neuropathology-associated reactive astrocytes: a systematic review. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2023;11:42.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1934_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25800","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008762117","volume":"117","author":"SF Lau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lau SF, Cao H, Fu AKY, Ip NY. Single-nucleus transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of angiogenic endothelial cells and neuroprotective glia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:25800\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1934_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6221-11.2012","volume":"32","author":"JL Zamanian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zamanian JL, Xu L, Foo LC, Nouri N, Zhou L, Giffard RG, et al. Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis. J Neurosci. 2012;32:6391\u2013410.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1934_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","volume":"541","author":"SA Liddelow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liddelow SA, Guttenplan KA, Clarke LE, Bennett FC, Bohlen CJ, Schirmer L, et al. Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature. 2017;541:481\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1934_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29101","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007806117","volume":"117","author":"AYT Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng AYT, Agrawal I, Ho WY, Yen YC, Pinter AJ, Liu J, et al. Loss of TDP-43 in astrocytes leads to motor deficits by triggering A1-like reactive phenotype and triglial dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:29101\u201312.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1934_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104877","volume":"141","author":"W Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu W, Venugopal S, Majid S, Ahn IS, Diamante G, Hong J, et al. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of the brainstem of mutant SOD1 mice reveals perturbed cell types and pathways of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis. 2020;141:104877.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"1934_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz-Castro B, Gangwani MR, Yu X, Coppola G, Khakh BS. Astrocyte molecular signatures in Huntington\u2019s disease. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11:eaaw8546.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw8546"},{"key":"1934_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.09.021","volume":"108","author":"X Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu X, Nagai J, Marti-Solano M, Soto JS, Coppola G, Babu MM, et al. Context-specific striatal astrocyte molecular responses are phenotypically exploitable. Neuron. 2020;108:1146\u2013.e10.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1934_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00905-6","volume":"24","author":"P Hasel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hasel P, Rose IVL, Sadick JS, Kim RD, Liddelow SA. Neuroinflammatory astrocyte subtypes in the mouse brain. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24:1475\u201387.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1934_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0624-8","volume":"23","author":"N Habib","year":"2020","unstructured":"Habib N, McCabe C, Medina S, Varshavsky M, Kitsberg D, Dvir-Szternfeld R, et al. Disease-associated astrocytes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and aging. Nat Neurosci. 2020;23:701\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1934_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00789-y","volume":"24","author":"AR Pombo Antunes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pombo Antunes AR, Scheyltjens I, Lodi F, Messiaen J, Antoranz A, Duerinck J, et al. Single-cell profiling of myeloid cells in glioblastoma across species and disease stage reveals macrophage competition and specialization. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24:595\u2013610.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1934_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.05.002","volume":"39","author":"T Hara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hara T, Chanoch-Myers R, Mathewson ND, Myskiw C, Atta L, Bussema L, et al. Interactions between cancer cells and immune cells drive transitions to mesenchymal-like states in glioblastoma. Cancer Cell. 2021;39:779\u2013.e11.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"1934_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1999-0","volume":"578","author":"MA Wheeler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wheeler MA, Clark IC, Tjon EC, Li Z, Zandee SEJ, Couturier CP, et al. MAFG-driven astrocytes promote CNS inflammation. Nature. 2020;578:593\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1934_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0602-1","volume":"23","author":"OA Bayraktar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bayraktar OA, Bartels T, Holmqvist S, Kleshchevnikov V, Martirosyan A, Polioudakis D, et al. Astrocyte layers in the mammalian cerebral cortex revealed by a single-cell in situ transcriptomic map. Nat Neurosci. 2020;23:500\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1934_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14198-8","volume":"11","author":"MY Batiuk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Batiuk MY, Martirosyan A, Wahis J, de Vin F, Marneffe C, Kusserow C, et al. Identification of region-specific astrocyte subtypes at single cell resolution. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1220.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1934_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-008-0618-y","volume":"58","author":"LY Kong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kong LY, Wei J, Sharma AK, Barr J, Abou-Ghazal MK, Fokt I, et al. A novel phosphorylated STAT3 inhibitor enhances T cell cytotoxicity against melanoma through inhibition of regulatory T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2009;58:1023\u201332.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"1934_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-4092","volume":"26","author":"M Ott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ott M, Kassab C, Marisetty A, Hashimoto Y, Wei J, Zamler D, et al. Radiation with STAT3 blockade triggers dendritic cell-T cell interactions in the glioma microenvironment and therapeutic efficacy. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26:4983\u201394.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"1934_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cns87","DOI":"10.2217\/cns-2022-0005","volume":"11","author":"J Groot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Groot J, Ott M, Wei J, Kassab C, Fang D, Najem H, et al. A first-in-human Phase I trial of the oral p-STAT3 inhibitor WP1066 in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. CNS Oncol. 2022;11:Cns87.","journal-title":"CNS Oncol"},{"key":"1934_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3818","volume":"14","author":"H Yu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yu H, Lee H, Herrmann A, Buettner R, Jove R. Revisiting STAT3 signalling in cancer: new and unexpected biological functions. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14:736\u201346.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"1934_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-0134","volume":"15","author":"N Priego","year":"2025","unstructured":"Priego N, de Pablos-Aragoneses A, Perea-Garc\u00eda M, Pieri V, Hern\u00e1ndez-Oliver C, \u00c1lvaro-Espinosa L, et al. TIMP1 mediates astrocyte-dependent local immunosuppression in brain metastasis acting on infiltrating CD8+ T cells. Cancer Discov. 2025;15:179\u2013201.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"1934_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5642","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-2251","volume":"80","author":"M Sarmiento Soto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarmiento Soto M, Larkin JR, Martin C, Khrapitchev AA, Maczka M, Economopoulos V, et al. STAT3-mediated astrocyte reactivity associated with brain metastasis contributes to neurovascular dysfunction. Cancer Res. 2020;80:5642\u201355.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"1934_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870647","DOI":"10.1080\/23723556.2020.1870647","volume":"8","author":"P Kadiyala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kadiyala P, Gregory JV, Lowenstein PR, Lahann J, Castro MG. Targeting gliomas with STAT3-silencing nanoparticles. Mol Cell Oncol. 2021;8:1870647.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Oncol"},{"key":"1934_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33559","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c03192","volume":"18","author":"Z Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang Z, Gao P, Song X, Liu F, Sun Z, Liu J, et al. An astrocyte-targeted nanoplatform with ultrasound-responsive fluorescence switch for synergistic chemo-sonothermal therapy of cognitive impairment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2026;18:33559\u201376.","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"1934_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2017.03.009","volume":"8","author":"G Taschenberger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taschenberger G, Tereshchenko J, K\u00fcgler S. A MicroRNA124 target sequence restores astrocyte specificity of gfaABC(1)D-driven transgene expression in AAV-mediated gene transfer. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2017;8:13\u201325.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"1934_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-2889-2","volume":"139","author":"A Volak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Volak A, LeRoy SG, Natasan JS, Park DJ, Cheah PS, Maus A, et al. Virus vector-mediated genetic modification of brain tumor stromal cells after intravenous delivery. J Neurooncol. 2018;139:293\u2013305.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"1934_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19169-2","volume":"15","author":"X Xie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie X, Bai J, Peng Y, Chen P, Zhang Z, Fan D, et al. PD-L1 autoregulation promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells via GP130\/JAK2\/STAT3\/IRAK2\/IL6 signaling pathway. Sci Rep. 2025;15:35186.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1934_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23520","volume":"67","author":"M Brandao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brandao M, Simon T, Critchley G, Giamas G. Astrocytes, the rising stars of the glioblastoma microenvironment. Glia. 2019;67:779\u201390.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"1934_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3570","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-25-2922","volume":"86","author":"JS Young","year":"2026","unstructured":"Young JS, Cho NW, Lucas CG, Najem H, Mirchia K, Chen WC, et al. IL6 supports development of an immunosuppressive microenvironment and resistance to therapy in glioblastoma. Cancer Res. 2026;86:3570\u201387.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"1934_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23832-3","volume":"12","author":"F Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang F, He Z, Duan H, Zhang D, Li J, Yang H, et al. Synergistic immunotherapy of glioblastoma by dual targeting of IL-6 and CD40. Nat Commun. 2021;12:3424.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1934_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27162","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA03208K","volume":"7","author":"W Shi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shi W, Cui X, Shi J, Chen J, Wang Y. Overcoming the blood\u2013brain barrier for glioma-targeted therapy based on an interleukin-6 receptor-mediated micelle system. RSC Adv. 2017;7:27162\u20139.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"1934_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-1286","volume":"76","author":"SF Murphy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murphy SF, Varghese RT, Lamouille S, Guo S, Pridham KJ, Kanabur P, et al. Connexin 43 inhibition sensitizes chemoresistant glioblastoma cells to temozolomide. Cancer Res. 2016;76:139\u201349.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"1934_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13786","volume":"19","author":"ENC Schmidt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schmidt ENC, Evert BO, Pregler BEF, Melhem A, Hsieh MC, Raspe M, et al. Tonabersat enhances temozolomide-mediated cytotoxicity in glioblastoma by disrupting intercellular connectivity through connexin 43 inhibition. Mol Oncol. 2025;19:878\u201398.","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"1934_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0300552","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300552","volume":"19","author":"V Zoteva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zoteva V, De Meulenaere V, Vanhove C, Leybaert L, Raedt R, Pieters L, et al. Integrating and optimizing tonabersat in standard glioblastoma therapy: a preclinical study. PLoS One. 2024;19:e0300552.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1934_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07514-2","volume":"16","author":"JW Smyth","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smyth JW, Guo S, Chaunsali L, O\u2019Rourke L, Dahlka J, Deaver S, et al. Cytoplasmic connexin43-microtubule interactions promote glioblastoma stem-like cell maintenance and tumorigenicity. Cell Death Dis. 2025;16:388.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"1934_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15376","volume":"527","author":"L Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhang S, Yao J, Lowery FJ, Zhang Q, Huang WC, et al. Microenvironment-induced PTEN loss by exosomal microRNA primes brain metastasis outgrowth. Nature. 2015;527:100\u20134.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1934_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02611-4","volume":"22","author":"X Hao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hao X, Wang S, Wang L, Li J, Li Y, Liu J. Exosomes as drug delivery systems in glioma immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnol. 2024;22:340.","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"1934_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00782","volume":"9","author":"H Monfared","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monfared H, Jahangard Y, Nikkhah M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Mowla SJ. Potential therapeutic effects of exosomes packed with a miR-21-sponge construct in a rat model of glioblastoma. Front Oncol. 2019;9:782.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"1934_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2021.12.029","volume":"27","author":"T Adamus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adamus T, Hung CY, Yu C, Kang E, Hammad M, Flores L, et al. Glioma-targeted delivery of exosome-encapsulated antisense oligonucleotides using neural stem cells. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2022;27:611\u201320.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"1934_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12819","volume":"40","author":"HM Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu HM, Zhang Y. Folic acid-decorated astrocytes-derived exosomes enhanced the effect of temozolomide against glioma. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2024;40:435\u201344.","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"1934_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09191-9","volume":"644","author":"BM Andersen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Andersen BM, Faust Akl C, Wheeler MA, Li Z, Diebold M, Kilian M, et al. Barcoded viral tracing identifies immunosuppressive astrocyte-glioma interactions. Nature. 2025;644:1097\u2013106.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1934_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25172","volume":"83","author":"EJ Goetzl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goetzl EJ, Schwartz JB, Abner EL, Jicha GA, Kapogiannis D. High complement levels in astrocyte-derived exosomes of Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 2018;83:544\u201352.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1934_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104511","volume":"130","author":"DT Balu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balu DT, Pantazopoulos H, Huang CCY, Muszynski K, Harvey TL, Uno Y, et al. Neurotoxic astrocytes express the d-serine synthesizing enzyme, serine racemase, in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2019;130:104511.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"1934_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13678","volume":"20","author":"P Edison","year":"2024","unstructured":"Edison P. Astroglial activation: current concepts and future directions. Alzheimers Dement. 2024;20:3034\u201353.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"1934_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17876-0","volume":"11","author":"D Agarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agarwal D, Sandor C, Volpato V, Caffrey TM, Monz\u00f3n-Sandoval J, Bowden R, et al. A single-cell atlas of the human substantia nigra reveals cell-specific pathways associated with neurological disorders. Nat Commun. 2020;11:4183.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1934_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03182-8","volume":"23","author":"C Zou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zou C, Liu X, Wang W, He L, Yin A, Cao Z, et al. Targeting GDF15 to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in glioblastoma through tumor microenvironment-responsive CRISPR-Cas9 nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnol. 2025;23:126.","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"1934_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.018","volume":"202","author":"Y Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu Y, Zhang M, Liu B, Tang Y, Wang Z, Wang T, et al. Honokiol prevents chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced astrocyte A1 polarization to alleviate neurotoxicity by targeting SIRT3-STAT3 axis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2023;202:62\u201375.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"1934_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117209","volume":"178","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhao G, Luo Z, Yu Z, Liu G, Su G, et al. AD16 attenuates neuroinflammation induced by cerebral ischemia through down-regulating astrocytes A1 polarization. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;178:117209.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"1934_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003887","volume":"95","author":"MG El Baassiri","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Baassiri MG, Rahal SS, Fulton WB, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ, Nasr IW. Pharmacologic Toll-like receptor 4 inhibition skews toward a favorable A1\/A2 astrocytic ratio improving neurocognitive outcomes following traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023;95:361\u20137.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"1934_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00763","volume":"22","author":"HJ Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng HJ, Chen NF, Tang YC, Shih PC, Chen WF, Chiu YJ, et al. Intrathecal STAT3 inhibitor Bt354 ameliorates chronic constriction injury-induced nociceptive sensitization by modulating neuroinflammation. Neurotherapeutics. 2025;22:e00763.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"1934_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab092","volume":"23","author":"M Schneider","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schneider M, Vollmer L, Potthoff AL, Ravi VM, Evert BO, Rahman MA, et al. Meclofenamate causes loss of cellular tethering and decoupling of functional networks in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23:1885\u201397.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"1934_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05977-0","volume":"23","author":"T Zeyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeyen T, Potthoff AL, Nemeth R, Heiland DH, Burger MC, Steinbach JP, et al. Phase I\/II trial of meclofenamate in progressive MGMT-methylated glioblastoma under temozolomide second-line therapy-the MecMeth\/NOA-24 trial. Trials. 2022;23:57.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"1934_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59614-4","volume":"16","author":"JD Bernstock","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bernstock JD, Mehari M, Gerstl JVE, Meredith DM, Valdes PA, Heesen P, et al. Gabapentinoids confer survival benefit in human glioblastoma. Nat Commun. 2025;16:4483.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1934_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crivii CB, Bo\u0219ca AB, Melincovici CS, Constantin AM, M\u0103rginean M, Dronca E, et al. Glioblastoma microenvironment and cellular interactions. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14:1092.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14041092"},{"key":"1934_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1787840","volume":"14","author":"J Zhou","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhou J, Bocchi R. Astrocyte heterogeneity in the neocortex: developmental origins, molecular diversity, and functional implications. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2026;14:1787840.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"}],"container-title":["Acta Pharmacologica Sinica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41401-026-01934-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41401-026-01934-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41401-026-01934-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:03:25Z","timestamp":1790093005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41401-026-01934-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":133,"alternative-id":["1934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41401-026-01934-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1671-4083","1745-7254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1671-4083","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-7254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"Not applicable as this manuscript is a literature review and does not involve any direct patient contact or primary data collection from human subjects.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Patient consent statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}