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Phase one involved collaborative workshops to design two questionnaires: one for use in prison and one following release. A peer-researcher model was also co-designed. Phase two piloted the questionnaires and peer-researcher model with people who had previously been in prison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The questionnaire development process indicated that population specific questionnaires, rather than generic oral health questionnaires, were required to capture the distinct experiences of people in prison and following release. This included broader impacts of poor oral health, such as reduced self-esteem, barriers to employment, and substance use to manage dental pain. The peer-researcher model was deemed essential by the engagement group to improve uptake of the questionnaires through building trust. This model also enabled dialogue facilitated by peer-researchers that supported risk reduction (e.g. tobacco use), health education, and signposting to support services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A co-design approach enabled the development of population-specific oral health questionnaires and a peer-researcher model. These tools can be used in future studies to collect oral health data and support positive changes in both oral and general health behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-026-00485-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:57:52Z","timestamp":1790769472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developing a peer-led approach to assess the oral health needs and experiences of people in prison and on release"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3907-8844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joelle","family":"Booth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6424-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Witton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5718-008X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Paisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"485_CR1","unstructured":"Penal Reform International. 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