{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:55:28Z","timestamp":1790589328360,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bone Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Osteoimmunology explores the interplay between the skeletal system and the immune system. It focuses on the identification of shared signaling pathways and the mechanisms of mutual regulation. Bone homeostasis depends on the balance between the activity of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Interestingly, the crosstalk between osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and immune cells not only shapes bone remodeling but also influences immune responses. A central pathway in osteoclast differentiation is the receptor activator of nuclear factor-\u03baB ligand (RANKL) signaling, which induces NFATc1, the master transcription factor of osteoclastogenesis. Recent evidence shows that immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing co-receptors enhance RANKL-induced signaling, underscoring their essential role in osteoclast activation and differentiation. Increasing attention has been directed toward C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), such as Dectin-1, Mincle, and DC-SIGN. These receptors have historically been recognized for their functions in antifungal and antibacterial immunity. However, their expression on both immune cells and osteoclasts links CLR signaling to osteoclastogenesis, as CLR engagement signals through ITAM pathways, contributing to NFAT activation. Therefore, CLRs could function as co-receptors for RANKL in human osteoclast biology, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. This review synthesizes current knowledge on CLR signaling and its role in osteoclastogenesis. It examines how CLR-mediated pathways influence bone resorption and evaluates their therapeutic potential. Finally, the review discusses the challenges of translating these insights into clinical applications and highlights emerging strategies for targeting CLRs in bone-related pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-026-00567-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:08:39Z","timestamp":1790582919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["C-type lectin receptors: bone remodeling and therapeutic potential"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Kleim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8174-2118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Bozec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3067-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Groetsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"567_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0204171","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204171","volume":"13","author":"CF Arias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arias, C. F. et al. Bone remodeling: a tissue-level process emerging from cell-level molecular algorithms. PLoS ONE 13, e0204171 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"567_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-022-00219-8","volume":"10","author":"S Bolamperti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bolamperti, S., Villa, I. & Rubinacci, A. Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence. Bone Res. 10, 48 (2022).","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"567_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-023-00257-w","volume":"11","author":"E Hascoet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hascoet, E. et al. New insights into inflammatory osteoclast precursors as therapeutic targets for rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. Bone Res. 11, 26 (2023).","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"567_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.10.019","volume":"20","author":"S Fischer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fischer, S. et al. From structure to function\u2014ligand recognition by myeloid C-type lectin receptors. Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J. 20, 5790\u20135812 (2022).","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"567_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12249","volume":"16","author":"JC Hoving","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoving, J. C., Wilson, G. J. & Brown, G. D. Signalling C-type lectin receptors, microbial recognition and immunity. Cell Microbiol. 16, 185\u2013194 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"567_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1417","volume":"7","author":"MJ Robinson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robinson, M. J. et al. Myeloid C-type lectins in innate immunity. Nat. Immunol. 7, 1258\u20131265 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.03.005","volume":"57","author":"C Reis e Sousa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reis e Sousa, C., Yamasaki, S. & Brown, G. D. Myeloid C-type lectin receptors in innate immune recognition. Immunity 57, 700\u2013717 (2024).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"567_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-025-00456-7","volume":"13","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Unraveling the mechanisms of bone diseases: targeting dendritic cells in osteoimmunology for internal homeostasis balance. Bone Res. 13, 81 (2025).","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"567_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126043","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1126043","volume":"14","author":"M Scur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scur, M. et al. The diverse roles of C-type lectin-like receptors in immunity. Front. Immunol. 14, 1126043 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4811","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134214","volume":"130","author":"D Andreev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andreev, D. et al. Osteocyte necrosis triggers osteoclast-mediated bone loss through macrophage-inducible C-type lectin. J. Clin. Investig. 130, 4811\u20134830 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"567_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ariyoshi, W., Hara, S., Koga, A., Nagai-Yoshioka, Y. & Yamasaki, R. Biological effects of \u03b2-glucans on osteoclastogenesis. Molecules 26, 1982 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26071982"},{"key":"567_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.06.005","volume":"154","author":"G Hajishengallis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hajishengallis, G. & Chavakis, T. Central trained immunity and its impact on chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 154, 1113\u20131116 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12421","volume":"89","author":"G Hajishengallis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hajishengallis, G. et al. Maladaptive trained immunity and clonal hematopoiesis as potential mechanistic links between periodontitis and inflammatory comorbidities. Periodontol. 2000 89, 215\u2013230 (2022).","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"567_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2014.04.012","volume":"81","author":"E-G Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, E.-G. et al. Increased RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis by interleukin-1\u03b2 and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Jt. Bone Spine 81, 520\u2013526 (2014).","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"567_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madel, M. B. et al. Specific targeting of inflammatory osteoclastogenesis by the probiotic yeast S. boulardii CNCM I-745 reduces bone loss in osteoporosis. eLife 12, e82037 (2023).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.82037"},{"key":"567_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502044","volume":"196","author":"CH Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller, C. H. et al. RBP-J-regulated miR-182 promotes TNF-\u03b1-induced osteoclastogenesis. J. Immunol. 196, 4977\u20134986 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19191","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.551416","volume":"289","author":"T Yamasaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamasaki, T. et al. The dectin 1 agonist curdlan regulates osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) through Syk kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 289, 19191\u201319203 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"567_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832127","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/832127","volume":"2015","author":"DS Amarasekara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amarasekara, D. S., Yu, J. & Rho, J. Bone loss triggered by the cytokine network in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. J. Immunol. Res. 2015, 832127 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"567_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-024-00896-w","volume":"23","author":"M Kverka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kverka, M. & Stepan, J. J. Associations among estrogens, the gut microbiome and osteoporosis. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 23, 2 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"567_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666200604160614","volume":"20","author":"NV Mohamad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohamad, N. V., Ima-Nirwana, S. & Chin, K. Y. Are oxidative stress and inflammation mediators of bone loss due to estrogen deficiency? A review of current evidence. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets 20, 1478\u20131487 (2020).","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"567_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2021.111471","volume":"46","author":"K Takata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takata, K. et al. Elevated macrophage-inducible C-type lectin expression in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cent. Eur. J. Immunol. 46, 470\u2013473 (2021).","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10786","volume":"48","author":"PL van Lent","year":"2003","unstructured":"van Lent, P. L. et al. Expression of the dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin DC-SIGN by inflammatory matrix metalloproteinase-producing macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis synovium and interaction with intercellular adhesion molecule 3-positive T cells. Arthritis Rheum. 48, 360\u2013369 (2003).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"567_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02453-z","volume":"23","author":"B Yan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yan, B. et al. The hidden driver of osteoporosis: mitochondria-dominated inflammation. Cell Commun. Signal. 23, 450 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"567_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1745","volume":"6","author":"GD Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown, G. D. Dectin-1: a signalling non-TLR pattern-recognition receptor. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 33\u201343 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","volume":"140","author":"O Takeuchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takeuchi, O. & Akira, S. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 140, 805\u2013820 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"567_CR26","unstructured":"Cummings RD, McEver RP. C-type Lectins. In: Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD, et al., editors. Essentials of Glycobiology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 435\u2013452 (2015)."},{"key":"567_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01123","volume":"9","author":"G Lugo-Villarino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lugo-Villarino, G. et al. The C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN has an anti-inflammatory role in human M(IL-4) macrophages in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front. Immunol. 9, 1123 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12951","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12951","volume":"45","author":"R Hatinguais","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hatinguais, R., Willment, J. A. & Brown, G. D. C-type lectin receptors in antifungal immunity: current knowledge and future developments. Parasite Immunol. 45, e12951 (2023).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00590","volume":"9","author":"M Bermejo-Jambrina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bermejo-Jambrina, M. et al. C-type lectin receptors in antiviral immunity and viral escape. Front. Immunol. 9, 590 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80694-7","volume":"100","author":"TB Geijtenbeek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Geijtenbeek, T. B. et al. DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells. Cell 100, 587\u2013597 (2000).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"567_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-01-136473","volume":"112","author":"AA Lambert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lambert, A. A. et al. The C-type lectin surface receptor DCIR acts as a new attachment factor for HIV-1 in dendritic cells and contributes to trans- and cis-infection pathways. Blood 112, 1299\u20131307 (2008).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"567_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0010042","volume":"1","author":"C Steele","year":"2005","unstructured":"Steele, C. et al. The beta-glucan receptor dectin-1 recognizes specific morphologies of Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS Pathog. 1, e42 (2005).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"567_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.151.3.673","volume":"151","author":"K Mahnke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mahnke, K. et al. The dendritic cell receptor for endocytosis, DEC-205, can recycle and enhance antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex class II-positive lysosomal compartments. J. Cell Biol. 151, 673\u2013684 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"567_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[1023:MOMMRA]2.0.CO;2","volume":"87","author":"P Chakraborty","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chakraborty, P., Ghosh, D. & Basu, M. K. Modulation of macrophage mannose receptor affects the uptake of virulent and avirulent Leishmania donovani promastigotes. J. Parasitol. 87, 1023\u20131027 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"567_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41613","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M207057200","volume":"277","author":"S Zamze","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zamze, S. et al. Recognition of bacterial capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides by the macrophage mannose receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 41613\u201341623 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"567_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, J. T. & Lepenies, B. Myeloid C-type lectin receptors in viral recognition and antiviral immunity. Viruses 9, 59 (2017).","DOI":"10.3390\/v9030059"},{"key":"567_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00288","volume":"5","author":"MB Richardson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richardson, M. B. & Williams, S. J. MCL and Mincle: C-type lectin receptors that sense damaged self and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Front. Immunol. 5, 288 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5239","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-024-00296-2","volume":"25","author":"M Malamud","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malamud, M. & Brown, G. D. The Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 clusters: C-type lectin receptors with fundamental roles in immunity. EMBO Rep. 25, 5239\u20135264 (2024).","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"567_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00804","volume":"9","author":"C Del Fresno","year":"2018","unstructured":"Del Fresno, C. et al. Flexible signaling of myeloid C-type lectin receptors in immunity and inflammation. Front. Immunol. 9, 804 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2014.09.013","volume":"220","author":"S Iborra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iborra, S. & Sancho, D. Signalling versatility following self and non-self sensing by myeloid C-type lectin receptors. Immunobiology 220, 175\u2013184 (2015).","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"567_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082818","volume":"206","author":"MJ Robinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robinson, M. J. et al. Dectin-2 is a Syk-coupled pattern recognition receptor crucial for Th17 responses to fungal infection. J. Exp. Med. 206, 2037\u20132051 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"567_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01084-2","volume":"10","author":"Z Hussain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hussain, Z. et al. Exploring Clec9a in dendritic cell-based tumor immunotherapy for molecular insights and therapeutic potentials. npj Vaccines 10, 27 (2025).","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"567_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101352","volume":"30","author":"D Sancho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sancho, D. & Reis e Sousa, C. Signaling by myeloid C-type lectin receptors in immunity and homeostasis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 30, 491\u2013529 (2012).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02512.x","volume":"120","author":"M Butler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Butler, M. et al. Altered expression and endocytic function of CD205 in human dendritic cells, and detection of a CD205-DCL-1 fusion protein upon dendritic cell maturation. Immunology 120, 362\u2013371 (2007).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"567_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2569","volume":"9","author":"TB Geijtenbeek","year":"2009","unstructured":"Geijtenbeek, T. B. & Gringhuis, S. I. Signalling through C-type lectin receptors: shaping immune responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9, 465\u2013479 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040790","volume":"41","author":"J Tel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tel, J. et al. DEC-205 mediates antigen uptake and presentation by both resting and activated human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 41, 1014\u20131023 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12397","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M609558200","volume":"282","author":"GLJ Fuller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fuller, G. L. J. et al. The C-type lectin receptors CLEC-2 and Dectin-1, but not DC-SIGN, signal via a novel YXXL-dependent signaling cascade. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 12397\u201312409 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"567_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.03.004","volume":"22","author":"NC Rogers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rogers, N. C. et al. Syk-dependent cytokine induction by Dectin-1 reveals a novel pattern recognition pathway for C type lectins. Immunity 22, 507\u2013517 (2005).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"567_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1651","volume":"9","author":"S Yamasaki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yamasaki, S. et al. Mincle is an ITAM-coupled activating receptor that senses damaged cells. Nat. Immunol. 9, 1179\u20131188 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1692","volume":"10","author":"SI Gringhuis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gringhuis, S. I. et al. Dectin-1 directs T helper cell differentiation by controlling noncanonical NF-kappaB activation through Raf-1 and Syk. Nat. Immunol. 10, 203\u2013213 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR51","first-page":"567571","volume":"2010","author":"MJ Marakalala","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marakalala, M. J., Graham, L. M. & Brown, G. D. The role of Syk\/CARD9-coupled C-type lectin receptors in immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2010, 567571 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.11.015","volume":"36","author":"D Strasser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Strasser, D. et al. Syk kinase-coupled C-type lectin receptors engage protein kinase C-\u03b4 to elicit Card9 adaptor-mediated innate immunity. Immunity 36, 32\u201342 (2012).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"567_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00225","volume":"9","author":"M Wagener","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wagener, M. et al. Dectin-1-Syk-CARD9 signaling pathway in TB immunity. Front. Immunol. 9, 225 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4898","volume":"5","author":"SI Gringhuis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gringhuis, S. I. et al. Fucose-specific DC-SIGN signalling directs T helper cell type-2 responses via IKKepsilon- and CYLD-dependent Bcl3 activation. Nat. Commun. 5, 3898 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"567_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.03.012","volume":"26","author":"SI Gringhuis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gringhuis, S. I. et al. C-type lectin DC-SIGN modulates Toll-like receptor signaling via Raf-1 kinase-dependent acetylation of transcription factor NF-kappaB. Immunity 26, 605\u2013616 (2007).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"567_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0608352","volume":"85","author":"F Meyer-Wentrup","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meyer-Wentrup, F. et al. DCIR is endocytosed into human dendritic cells and inhibits TLR8-mediated cytokine production. J. Leukoc. Biol. 85, 518\u2013525 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"567_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894445","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.894445","volume":"13","author":"M Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, M. et al. The role of C-type lectin receptor signaling in the intestinal microbiota-inflammation-cancer axis. Front. Immunol. 13, 894445 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2016.02.009","volume":"52-54","author":"N Rucci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rucci, N. & Teti, A. The \u201clove-hate\u201d relationship between osteoclasts and bone matrix. Matrix Biol. 52-54, 176\u2013190 (2016).","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"567_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.-M., Lin, C., Stavre, Z., Greenblatt, M. B. & Shim, J.-H. Osteoblast-osteoclast communication and bone homeostasis. Cells 9, 2073 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9092073"},{"key":"567_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(03)00107-9","volume":"35","author":"EJ Mackie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mackie, E. J. Osteoblasts: novel roles in orchestration of skeletal architecture. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 35, 1301\u20131305 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"567_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4410","volume":"36","author":"T Mizoguchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mizoguchi, T. & Ono, N. The diverse origin of bone-forming osteoblasts. J. Bone Miner. Res. 36, 1432\u20131447 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"567_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770143","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.770143","volume":"9","author":"JUA Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi, J. U. A. et al. The mechanosensory role of osteocytes and implications for bone health and disease states. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 770143 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"567_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115463","volume":"138","author":"SL Dallas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dallas, S. L. & Moore, D. S. Using confocal imaging approaches to understand the structure and function of osteocytes and the lacunocanalicular network. Bone 138, 115463 (2020).","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"567_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/46303","volume":"402","author":"YY Kong","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kong, Y. Y. et al. Activated T cells regulate bone loss and joint destruction in adjuvant arthritis through osteoprotegerin ligand. Nature 402, 304\u2013309 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"567_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.06.002","volume":"24","author":"CT Weaver","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weaver, C. T. et al. Th17: an effector CD4 T cell lineage with regulatory T cell ties. Immunity 24, 677\u2013688 (2006).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"567_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600282","volume":"23","author":"R Eferl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eferl, R. et al. The Fos-related antigen Fra-1 is an activator of bone matrix formation. EMBO J. 23, 2789\u20132799 (2004).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"567_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199905)179:2<170::AID-JCP7>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"179","author":"JM Owens","year":"1999","unstructured":"Owens, J. M. et al. Fra-1 potentiates osteoclastic differentiation in osteoclast-macrophage precursor cell lines. J. Cell. Physiol. 179, 170\u2013178 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"567_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.213","volume":"14","author":"MC Walsh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walsh, M. C. et al. Updating osteoimmunology: regulation of bone cells by innate and adaptive immunity. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 14, 146\u2013156 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"567_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2025.09.014","volume":"371","author":"S Yadav","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yadav, S. et al. Osteoimmunology: the little niche with the big impact. Am. J. Med. Sci. 371, 87\u201396 (2026).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"567_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2017.0225","volume":"40","author":"JH Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park, J. H., Lee, N. K. & Lee, S. Y. Current understanding of RANK signaling in osteoclast differentiation and maturation. Mol. Cells 40, 706\u2013713 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"567_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2013.007","volume":"23","author":"J Zupan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zupan, J., Jeras, M. & Marc, J. Osteoimmunology and the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines on osteoclasts. Biochem. Med. 23, 43\u201363 (2013).","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"567_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01658","volume":"423","author":"WJ Boyle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Boyle, W. J., Simonet, W. S. & Lacey, D. L. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature 423, 337\u2013342 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"567_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI11066","volume":"106","author":"S Cenci","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cenci, S. et al. Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss by enhancing T-cell production of TNF-alpha. J. Clin. Investig. 106, 1229\u20131237 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"567_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80209-3","volume":"89","author":"WS Simonet","year":"1997","unstructured":"Simonet, W. S. et al. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 89, 309\u2013319 (1997).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"567_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02444","volume":"428","author":"T Koga","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koga, T. et al. Costimulatory signals mediated by the ITAM motif cooperate with RANKL for bone homeostasis. Nature 428, 758\u2013763 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"567_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.051016","volume":"21","author":"MB Humphrey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Humphrey, M. B. et al. TREM2, a DAP12-associated receptor, regulates osteoclast differentiation and function. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21, 237\u2013245 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"567_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20022220","volume":"198","author":"M Cella","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cella, M. et al. Impaired differentiation of osteoclasts in TREM-2-deficient individuals. J. Exp. Med. 198, 645\u2013651 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"567_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.12.037","volume":"132","author":"M Shinohara","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shinohara, M. et al. Tyrosine kinases Btk and Tec regulate osteoclast differentiation by linking RANK and ITAM signals. Cell 132, 794\u2013806 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"567_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1408","volume":"8","author":"PR Taylor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Taylor, P. R. et al. Dectin-1 is required for beta-glucan recognition and control of fungal infection. Nat. Immunol. 8, 31\u201338 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43818","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107715200","volume":"276","author":"JA Willment","year":"2001","unstructured":"Willment, J. A., Gordon, S. & Brown, G. D. Characterization of the human beta -glucan receptor and its alternatively spliced isoforms. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 43818\u201343823 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"567_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(01)00528-5","volume":"272","author":"K Yokota","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yokota, K. et al. Identification of a human homologue of the dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1, dectin-1. Gene 272, 51\u201360 (2001).","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"567_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20157","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M909512199","volume":"275","author":"K Ariizumi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ariizumi, K. et al. Identification of a novel, dendritic cell-associated molecule, dectin-1, by subtractive cDNA cloning. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 20157\u201320167 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"567_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812148","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.812148","volume":"13","author":"P Mata-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mata-Mart\u00ednez, P., Berg\u00f3n-Guti\u00e9rrez, M. & Del Fresno, C. Dectin-1 signaling update: new perspectives for trained immunity. Front. Immunol. 13, 812148 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v24.i3.30","volume":"24","author":"J Herre","year":"2004","unstructured":"Herre, J. et al. The role of Dectin-1 in antifungal immunity. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 24, 193\u2013203 (2004).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.11.086","volume":"29","author":"K Bode","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bode, K. et al. Dectin-1 binding to annexins on apoptotic cells induces peripheral immune tolerance via NADPH oxidase-2. Cell Rep. 29, 4435\u20134446.e9 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"567_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4314","volume":"23","author":"D Daley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daley, D. et al. Dectin 1 activation on macrophages by galectin 9 promotes pancreatic carcinoma and peritumoral immune tolerance. Nat. Med. 23, 556\u2013567 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"567_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.01.004","volume":"54","author":"ME Deerhake","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deerhake, M. E. et al. Dectin-1 limits autoimmune neuroinflammation and promotes myeloid cell-astrocyte crosstalk via Card9-independent expression of Oncostatin M. Immunity 54, 484\u2013498.e8 (2021).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"567_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62449","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062449","volume":"8","author":"H Weyd","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weyd, H. et al. Annexin A1 on the surface of early apoptotic cells suppresses CD+ T cell immunity. PLoS ONE 8, e62449 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"567_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-005-1959-5","volume":"68","author":"M McIntosh","year":"2005","unstructured":"McIntosh, M., Stone, B. A. & Stanisich, V. A. Curdlan and other bacterial (1-3)-beta-D-glucans. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 68, 163\u2013173 (2005).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"567_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041758","volume":"201","author":"H Yoshitomi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yoshitomi, H. et al. A role for fungal {beta}-glucans and their receptor Dectin-1 in the induction of autoimmune arthritis in genetically susceptible mice. J. Exp. Med. 201, 949\u2013960 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"567_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2025.02.001","volume":"60","author":"N Haacke","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haacke, N. et al. Innate immune training of osteoclastogenesis promotes inflammatory bone loss in mice. Dev. Cell 60, 1854\u20131870 e6 (2025).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"567_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2014.2071","volume":"9","author":"Y Lv","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lv, Y. et al. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b is a marker of osteoclast number and volume in RAW 264.7 cells treated with receptor-activated nuclear \u03baB ligand. Exp. Ther. Med. 9, 143\u2013146 (2015).","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"567_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53366","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18411","volume":"8","author":"X Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu, X. et al. Dectin-1 signaling inhibits osteoclastogenesis via IL-33-induced inhibition of NFATc1. Oncotarget 8, 53366\u201353374 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"567_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5098","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30217","volume":"236","author":"S Hara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hara, S. et al. Dectin-1-mediated suppression of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by glucan from baker\u2019s yeast. J. Cell. Physiol. 236, 5098\u20135107 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"567_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2023.05.018","volume":"31","author":"A Furukawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Furukawa, A. et al. Structural basis for plastic glycolipid recognition of the C-type lectin Mincle. Structure 31, 1077\u20131085 e5 (2023).","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"567_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109467","volume":"114","author":"X Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, X. et al. Research progress on Mincle as a multifunctional receptor. Int. Immunopharmacol. 114, 109467 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"567_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00861","volume":"8","author":"EC Patin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patin, E. C., Orr, S. J. & Schaible, U. E. Macrophage inducible C-type lectin as a multifunctional player in immunity. Front. Immunol. 8, 861 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01662","volume":"8","author":"SJ Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams, S. J. Sensing lipids with Mincle: structure and function. Front. Immunol. 8, 1662 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.5.991","volume":"188","author":"A Maeda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maeda, A., Kurosaki, M. & Kurosaki, T. Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor (PIR)-A is involved in activating mast cells through its association with Fc receptor gamma chain. J. Exp. Med. 188, 991\u2013995 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"567_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-03-0850","volume":"104","author":"E Merck","year":"2004","unstructured":"Merck, E. et al. OSCAR is an FcRgamma-associated receptor that is expressed by myeloid cells and is involved in antigen presentation and activation of human dendritic cells. Blood 104, 1386\u20131395 (2004).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"567_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwn046","volume":"18","author":"A Bugarcic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bugarcic, A. et al. Human and mouse macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) bind Candida albicans. Glycobiology 18, 679\u2013685 (2008).","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"567_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6670","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20046670","volume":"20","author":"ND Rambaruth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rambaruth, N. D. et al. Mouse mincle: characterization as a model for human mincle and evolutionary implications. Molecules 20, 6670\u20136682 (2015).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"567_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.03.008","volume":"13","author":"T Ishikawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ishikawa, T. et al. Identification of distinct ligands for the C-type lectin receptors Mincle and Dectin-2 in the pathogenic fungus Malassezia. Cell Host Microbe 13, 477\u2013488 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"567_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, Y. et al. Mincle as a potential intervention target for the prevention of inflammation and fibrosis (Review). Mol. Med. Rep. 29, 103 (2024).","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2024.13227"},{"key":"567_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S507269","volume":"18","author":"W Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, W. et al. Osteoclast activation and inflammatory bone diseases: focusing on receptors in osteoclasts. J. Inflamm. Res. 18, 3201\u20133213 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"567_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e381","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020381","volume":"2","author":"L Tailleux","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tailleux, L. et al. DC-SIGN induction in alveolar macrophages defines privileged target host cells for mycobacteria in patients with tuberculosis. PLoS Med. 2, e381 (2005).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"567_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090829","volume":"25","author":"A Gallois","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gallois, A. et al. Genome-wide expression analyses establish dendritic cells as a new osteoclast precursor able to generate bone-resorbing cells more efficiently than monocytes. J. Bone Min. Res. 25, 661\u2013672 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"567_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.04.022","volume":"21","author":"O Laperine","year":"2016","unstructured":"Laperine, O. et al. Dendritic-cell-derived osteoclasts: a new game changer in bone-resorption-associated diseases. Drug Discov. Today 21, 1345\u20131354 (2016).","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"567_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.077","volume":"30","author":"CX Lim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lim, C. X. et al. miR-181a modulation of ERK-MAPK signaling sustains DC-SIGN expression and limits activation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Cell Rep. 30, 3793\u20133805 e5 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"567_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.07.001","volume":"56","author":"Z Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. Dendritic cell type 3 arises from Ly6C(+) monocyte-dendritic cell progenitors. Immunity 56, 1761\u20131777 e6 (2023).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"567_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2005.05.013","volume":"210","author":"E Caparros","year":"2005","unstructured":"Caparros, E. et al. Role of the C-type lectins DC-SIGN and L-SIGN in Leishmania interaction with host phagocytes. Immunobiology 210, 185\u2013193 (2005).","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"567_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-008-0350-2","volume":"86","author":"US Khoo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khoo, U. S. et al. DC-SIGN and L-SIGN: the SIGNs for infection. J. Mol. Med. 86, 861\u2013874 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"567_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80693-5","volume":"100","author":"TB Geijtenbeek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Geijtenbeek, T. B. et al. Identification of DC-SIGN, a novel dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 receptor that supports primary immune responses. Cell 100, 575\u2013585 (2000).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"567_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2010.03.018","volume":"22","author":"U Svajger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Svajger, U. et al. C-type lectin DC-SIGN: an adhesion, signalling and antigen-uptake molecule that guides dendritic cells in immunity. Cell. Signal. 22, 1397\u20131405 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"567_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2020.03.009","volume":"8","author":"B Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, B. et al. The role of dendritic cells derived osteoclasts in bone destruction diseases. Genes Dis. 8, 401\u2013411 (2021).","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"567_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25389","volume":"231","author":"YH Chiu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chiu, Y. H. & Ritchlin, C. T. DC-STAMP: a key regulator in osteoclast differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 231, 2402\u20132407 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"567_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281287","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/281287","volume":"2015","author":"TN Crotti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crotti, T. N. et al. Osteoimmunology: major and costimulatory pathway expression associated with chronic inflammatory induced bone loss. J. Immunol. Res. 2015, 281287 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"567_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00251","volume":"11","author":"M Drouin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Drouin, M., Saenz, J. & Chiffoleau, E. C-type lectin-like receptors: head or tail in cell death immunity. Front Immunol. 11, 251 (2020).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuyan, R. et al. Periodontitis and its inflammatory changes linked to various systemic diseases: a review of its underlying mechanisms. Biomedicines 10, 2659 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102659"},{"key":"567_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00511","volume":"11","author":"TE Van Dyke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Dyke, T. E., Bartold, P. M. & Reynolds, E. C. The nexus between periodontal inflammation and dysbiosis. Front. Immunol. 11, 511 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814177","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.814177","volume":"12","author":"M Martinez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martinez, M. et al. The role of the oral microbiota related to periodontal diseases in anxiety, mood and trauma- and stress-related disorders. Front. Psychiatry 12, 814177 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"567_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Y. & Han, X. Toll-like receptor signaling and immune regulatory lymphocytes in periodontal disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 3329 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093329"},{"key":"567_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04732-2","volume":"27","author":"A Hasan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hasan, A. et al. Expression of Toll-like receptor 2, Dectin-1, and Osteopontin in murine model of pulpitis. Clin. Oral Investig. 27, 1177\u20131192 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"567_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13528","volume":"50","author":"A Hasan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hasan, A. et al. A novel experimental model to investigate fungal involvement shows expression of Dectin-1 in periapical lesion pathogenesis. J. Oral Rehabil. 50, 1043\u20131057 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"567_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173394","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173394","volume":"12","author":"S Chinthamani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chinthamani, S. et al. Macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) recognizes glycosylated surface (S)-layer of the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia. PLoS ONE 12, e0173394 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"567_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1210702","volume":"90","author":"SC Cheng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheng, S. C. et al. The dectin-1\/inflammasome pathway is responsible for the induction of protective T-helper 17 responses that discriminate between yeasts and hyphae of Candida albicans. J. Leukoc. Biol. 90, 357\u2013366 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"567_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-012-9821-x","volume":"33","author":"C Salazar-Aldrete","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salazar-Aldrete, C. et al. Expression and function of dectin-1 is defective in monocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin. Immunol. 33, 368\u2013377 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.02.019","volume":"56","author":"M Seeling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seeling, M. et al. Immunoglobulin G-dependent inhibition of inflammatory bone remodeling requires pattern recognition receptor Dectin-1. Immunity 56, 1046\u20131063.e7 (2023).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"567_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.10.009","volume":"580","author":"E van Liempt","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Liempt, E. et al. Specificity of DC-SIGN for mannose- and fucose-containing glycans. FEBS Lett. 580, 6123\u20136131 (2006).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"567_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0901053","volume":"361","author":"B Ferwerda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ferwerda, B. et al. Human dectin-1 deficiency and mucocutaneous fungal infections. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 1760\u20131767 (2009).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"567_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2862","volume":"18","author":"CM Karsten","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karsten, C. M. et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of IgG1 mediated by Fc galactosylation and association of Fc\u03b3RIIB and dectin-1. Nat. Med. 18, 1401\u20131406 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"567_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01067-w","volume":"31","author":"M Cufr\u00e9","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cufr\u00e9, M. et al. Variants of human DECTIN-1 rs16910526 are linked to differential reactive oxygen species production and susceptibility to tuberculosis. J. Biomed. Sci. 31, 77 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"567_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt117","volume":"99","author":"PS Thiagarajan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thiagarajan, P. S. et al. Vimentin is an endogenous ligand for the pattern recognition receptor Dectin-1. Cardiovasc. Res. 99, 494\u2013504 (2013).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"567_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091750","volume":"206","author":"E Ishikawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ishikawa, E. et al. Direct recognition of the mycobacterial glycolipid, trehalose dimycolate, by C-type lectin Mincle. J. Exp. Med. 206, 2879\u20132888 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"567_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, M. et al. C-type lectin Mincle mediates cell death-triggered inflammation in acute kidney injury. J. Exp. Med. 217, e20192230 (2020).","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20192230"},{"key":"567_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805177106","volume":"106","author":"S Yamasaki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yamasaki, S. et al. C-type lectin Mincle is an activating receptor for pathogenic fungus, Malassezia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 1897\u20131902 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"567_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04131-7","volume":"12","author":"LL Lv","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lv, L. L. et al. SAP130 released by damaged tubule drives necroinflammation via miRNA-219c\/Mincle signaling in acute kidney injury. Cell Death Dis. 12, 866 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"567_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385696","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1385696","volume":"15","author":"C Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Mincle receptor in macrophage and neutrophil contributes to the unresolved inflammation during the transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease. Front. Immunol. 15, 1385696 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra-Espinosa, C., Jim\u00e9nez-Fern\u00e1ndez, M., S\u00e1nchez-Madrid, F. & Serrador, J. M. ICAMs in immunity, intercellular adhesion and communication. Cells. 13, 339 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13040339"},{"key":"567_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5313","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.9.5313-5323.2003","volume":"77","author":"C Nobile","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nobile, C. et al. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env-mediated fusion by DC-SIGN. J. Virol. 77, 5313\u20135323 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"567_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003100","volume":"9","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN promotes ASK-1-dependent activation-induced apoptosis of human dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog. 9, e1003100 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"567_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02485","volume":"10","author":"A Martin-Moreno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin-Moreno, A. & Munoz-Fernandez, M. A. Dendritic cells, the double agent in the war against HIV-1. Front. Immunol. 10, 2485 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066371","volume":"294","author":"H Feinberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Feinberg, H. et al. Structural basis for selective recognition of oligosaccharides by DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Science 294, 2163\u20132166 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"567_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribic, R. Mannose derivatives as anti-infective agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 26, 10230 (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010230"},{"key":"567_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2020.112292","volume":"396","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Huang, J. & Xu, C. Lipopolysaccharide-induced DC-SIGN\/TLR4 crosstalk activates NLRP3 inflammasomes via MyD88-independent signaling in gastric epithelial cells. Exp. Cell Res. 396, 112292 (2020).","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"567_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247054702210763","DOI":"10.1177\/24705470221076390","volume":"6","author":"MJ Page","year":"2022","unstructured":"Page, M. J., Kell, D. B. & Pretorius, E. The role of lipopolysaccharide-induced cell signalling in chronic inflammation. Chronic Stress 6, 24705470221076390 (2022).","journal-title":"Chronic Stress"}],"container-title":["Bone Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41413-026-00567-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41413-026-00567-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41413-026-00567-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:02:14Z","timestamp":1790586134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41413-026-00567-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41413-026-00567-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2095-6231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2095-6231","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"103"}}