{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T02:53:36Z","timestamp":1794365616521,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br Dent J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lichen planus is a chronic, mucocutaneous inflammatory condition which, due to its prevalence, will be familiar to the dental profession. However, diverse forms of presentation, important differential diagnosis, potential malignant change and monitoring requirements often result in challenges for those in primary care. This paper looks to examine these challenges and provide information to support those who are involved in recognition and management of patients with lichen planus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-024-7063-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:03:52Z","timestamp":1708646632000},"page":"285-292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions - challenges and pitfalls for the general dental practitioner"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"236","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Binnie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne Louise","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Chrystal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolin","family":"Hijazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"7063_CR5422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuliani M, Troiano G, Cordaro M et al. Rate of malignant transformation of oral lichen planus: A systematic review. Oral Dis 2019; 25: 693-709.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12885"},{"key":"7063_CR5425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li C, Tang X, Zheng X et al. Global Prevalence and Incidence Estimates of Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 2020; 156: 172-181.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2019.3797"},{"key":"7063_CR5427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlosser B J. Lichen planus and lichenoid reactions of the oral mucosa. Dermatol Ther 2010; 23: 251-267.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2010.01322.x"},{"key":"7063_CR5429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller S. Oral lichenoid lesions: distinguishing the benign from the deadly. Mod Pathol 2017; 30: 54-67.","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2016.121"},{"key":"7063_CR5432","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrozzo M, Porter S, Mercadante V, Fedele S. Oral lichen planus: A disease or a spectrum of tissue reactions? Types, causes, diagnostic algorhythms, prognosis, management strategies. Periodontol 2000 2019; 80: 105-125.","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12260"},{"key":"7063_CR5434","unstructured":"Speight P M, Palmer S, Moles D R et al. The cost-effectiveness of screening for oral cancer in primary care. In NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme: Executive Summaries. Southampton: NIHR Journals Library, 2023."},{"key":"7063_CR5437","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenzel J, T\u00fcting T. An IFN-associated cytotoxic cellular immune response against viral, self-, or tumour antigens is a common pathogenetic feature in \u2018interface dermatitis'. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128: 2392-2402.","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.96"},{"key":"7063_CR5439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannides D, Vakirlis E, Kemeny L et al. European S1 guidelines on the management of lichen planus: a cooperation of the European Dermatology Forum with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34: 1403-1414.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16464"},{"key":"7063_CR5442","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li D, Li J, Li C, Chen Q, Hua H. The Association of Thyroid Disease and Oral Lichen Planus: A Literature Review and Meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8: 310.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00310"},{"key":"7063_CR5444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon M. Lichen Planus, Lichenoid Eruptions and Cutaneous GraftVersusHost-Reaction. In Hertl M (ed) Autoimmune Diseases of the Skin: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Management. Vienna: Springer, 2001.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-3704-8_11"},{"key":"7063_CR5446","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagliaro T, Yau B, Mortimore R, Butler G. Severe oral ulceration with lichen planus-like histology associated with thymoma and delayed antibody detection - A late diagnosis of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Australas J Dermatol 2023; 64: 450-451.","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.14053"},{"key":"7063_CR5448","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gubod E R, Ramanathan A, Mohamad Zaini Z, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral Lichen Planus in a Patient With a Thymoma: A Rare Finding. Cureus 2021; 13: e17376.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17376"},{"key":"7063_CR5451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarakji B, Ashok N, Alakeel R et al. Hepatitis B vaccination and associated oral manifestations: a non-systematic review of literature and case reports. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014; 4: 829-936.","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.144870"},{"key":"7063_CR5453","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birkenfeld S, Dreiher J, Weitzman D, Cohen A D. A study on the association with hepatitis B and hepatitis C in 1557 patients with lichen planus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 25: 436-440.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03809.x"},{"key":"7063_CR5455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campisi G, Di Fede O, Craxi A, Di Stefano R, Margiotta V. Oral lichen planus, hepatitis C virus, and HIV: no association in a cohort study from an area of high hepatitis C virus endemicity. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51: 364-370.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.01.002"},{"key":"7063_CR5457","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warnakulasuriya S, Kujan O, Aguirre-Urizar J M et al. Oral potentially malignant disorders: A consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer. Oral Dis 2021; 27: 1862-1880.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13704"},{"key":"7063_CR5460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calapai G, Miroddi M, Mannucci C, Minciullo P, Gangemi S. Oral adverse reactions due to cinnamon-flavoured chewing gums consumption. Oral Dis 2014; 20: 637-643.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12170"},{"key":"7063_CR5462","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massih M A, Montalli V \u00c2, Ara\u00fajo V C, Passador-Santos F, Moraes P D. Lichenoid Reactions of The Oral Cavity: a Difficult Diagnosis, Presentation of Two Cases, Amalgam And Cinnamon Lichenoid Reaction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 117: e169.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2013.12.101"},{"key":"7063_CR5464","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teoh L, Moses G, McCullough M J. A review and guide to drug-associated oral adverse effects - Oral mucosal and lichenoid reactions. Part 2. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48: 637-646.","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12910"},{"key":"7063_CR5466","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Moles M \u00c1, Ramos-Garc\u00eda P. Oral lichen planus and related lesions. What should we accept based on the available evidence? Oral Dis 2022; 29: 2624-2637.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14438"},{"key":"7063_CR5469","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson M, Hunter K, Pemberton M, Sloan P. Diseases of the oral mucosa. In Robinson M, Hunter K, Pemberton M, Sloan P (eds) Soames' & Southam's Oral Pathology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2018.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199697786.001.0001"},{"key":"7063_CR5472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner G, Rose C, Sachse M M. Clinical variants of lichen planus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2013; 11: 309-319.","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.12031"},{"key":"7063_CR5474","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Cleach L, Chosidow O. Clinical practice. Lichen planus. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 723-732.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1103641"},{"key":"7063_CR5476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorouhi F, Davari P, Fazel N. Cutaneous and mucosal lichen planus: a comprehensive review of clinical subtypes, risk factors, diagnosis, and prognosis. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014: 742826.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/742826"},{"key":"7063_CR5478","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belfiore P, Di Fede O, Cabibi D et al. Prevalence of vulval lichen planus in a cohort of women with oral lichen planus: an interdisciplinary study. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155: 994-998.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07480.x"},{"key":"7063_CR5480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Setterfield J F, Neill S, Shirlaw P J et al. The vulvovaginal gingival syndrome: a severe subgroup of lichen planus with characteristic clinical features and a novel association with the class II HLA DQB1*0201 allele. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55: 98-113.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.006"},{"key":"7063_CR5483","unstructured":"Cawson R A. Cawson's Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2002."},{"key":"7063_CR5485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gururaj N, Hasinidevi P, Janani V, Divynadaniel T. Diagnosis and management of oral lichen planus - Review. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 25: 383-393.","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_386_21"},{"key":"7063_CR5487","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manfredini M, Pedroni G, Bigi L et al. Acquired White Oral Lesions with Specific Patterns: Oral Lichen Planus and Lupus Erythematosus. Dermatol Pract Concept 2021; 11: e2021074.","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1103a74"},{"key":"7063_CR5489","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mollaoglu N. Oral lichen planus: a review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 38: 370-377.","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.2000.0335"},{"key":"7063_CR5493","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hashimi I, Schifter M, Lockhart P B et al. Oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007; 103: 25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2006.11.001"},{"key":"7063_CR5495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Issa Y, Brunton P A, Glenny A M, Duxbury A J. Healing of oral lichenoid lesions after replacing amalgam restorations: a systematic review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004; 98: 553-565.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2003.12.027"},{"key":"7063_CR5497","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maul J-T, Guillet C, Oschmann A et al. Cutaneous lichenoid drug eruptions: A narrative review evaluating demographics, clinical features and culprit medications. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37: 965-975.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18879"},{"key":"7063_CR5499","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antiga E, Bech R, Maglie R et al. S2k guidelines on the management of paraneoplastic pemphigus\/paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37: 1118-1134.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18931"},{"key":"7063_CR5502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuwanati M, Gondivkar S, Sarode S C et al. Impact of Oral Lichen Planus on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Pract 2021; 11: 272-286.","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract11020040"},{"key":"7063_CR5504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni Riordain R, Hodgson T, Porter S, Fedele S. Validity and reliability of the Chronic Oral Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire in a UK population. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 45: 613-616.","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12425"},{"key":"7063_CR5506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scully C, Beyli M, Ferreiro M C et al. update on oral lichen planus: etiopathogenesis and management. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1998; 9: 86-122.","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411980090010501"},{"key":"7063_CR5508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng Y S, Gould A, Kurago Z, Fantasia J, Muller S. Diagnosis of oral lichen planus: a position paper of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 122: 332-354.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.05.004"},{"key":"7063_CR5511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher R, Harrison W, Crighton A. Dental material allergies and oral soft tissue reactions. Br Dent J 2022; 232: 620-625.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-022-4195-9"},{"key":"7063_CR5513","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore M M, Burke F J, Felix D H. Allergy to a common component of resin-bonding systems: a case report. Dent Update 2000; 27: 432-434.","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2000.27.9.432"},{"key":"7063_CR5516","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmstrup P. Reactions of the oral mucosa related to silver amalgam: a review. J Oral Pathol Med 1991; 20: 1-7.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00878.x"},{"key":"7063_CR5518","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Moles M \u00c1, Ruiz-\u00c1vila I, Gonz\u00e1lez-Ruiz L, Ay\u00e9n \u00c1, Gil-Montoya J A, Ramos-Garc\u00eda P. Malignant transformation risk of oral lichen planus: A systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 2019; 96: 121-130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2019.07.012"},{"key":"7063_CR5521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni Riordain R, Meaney S, McCreary C. A patient-centered approach to developing a qualityoflife questionnaire for chronic oral mucosal diseases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011; 111: 578-586.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.12.011"},{"key":"7063_CR5523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thornhill M H, Pemberton M N, Simmons R K, Theaker E D. Amalgam-contact hypersensitivity lesions and oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontol 2003; 95: 291-299.","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2003.115"},{"key":"7063_CR5525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Issa Y, Duxbury A J, Macfarlane T V, Brunton P A. Oral lichenoid lesions related to dental restorative materials. Br Dent J 2005; 198: 361-366.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4812176"},{"key":"7063_CR5528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunsche A, K\u00e4stel I, Terheyden H, Springer I N, Christophers E, Brasch J. Oral lichenoid reactions associated with amalgam: improvement after amalgam removal. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148: 70-76.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.04936.x"},{"key":"7063_CR5530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahat S, Kashetsky N, Bagit A et al. Can We Separate Oral Lichen Planus from Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Should We Patch Test? A Systematic Review of Chronic Oral Lichenoid Lesions. Dermatitis 2021; 32: 144-150.","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000703"},{"key":"7063_CR5533","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick S G, Hirsch S A, Gordon S C. The malignant transformation of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: a systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc 2014; 145: 45-56.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.2013.10"},{"key":"7063_CR5535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ormond M, McParland H, Thakrar P et al. Validation of an Oral Disease Severity Score for use in oral lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 2022; 186: 1045-1047.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20968"},{"key":"7063_CR5537","unstructured":"Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme. Drug prescribing. 2021. Available at https:\/\/www.sdcep.org.uk\/published-guidance\/drug-prescribing\/ (accessed July 2023)."},{"key":"7063_CR5540","unstructured":"British and Irish Society for Oral Medicine. Homepage. Available at https:\/\/bisom.org.uk\/ (accessed July 2023)."},{"key":"7063_CR5542","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudralingam M, Randall C, Mighell A J. The use of topical steroid preparations in oral medicine in the UK. Br Dent J 2017; 223: 633-638.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2017.880"},{"key":"7063_CR5545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davari P, Hsiao H-H, Fazel N. Mucosal lichen planus: an evidence-based treatment update. Am J Clin Dermatol 2014; 15: 181-195.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-014-0068-6"},{"key":"7063_CR5547","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodi G, Manfredi M, Mercadante V, Murphy R, Carrozzo M. Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; DOI: 10.1002\/14651858.CD001168.pub3.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001168.pub3"},{"key":"7063_CR5549","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sotoodian B, Lo J, Lin A. Efficacy of Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors in Oral Lichen Planus. J Cutan Med Surg 2015; 19: 539-545.","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475415591936"}],"container-title":["British Dental Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41415-024-7063-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41415-024-7063-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41415-024-7063-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:05:50Z","timestamp":1708646750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41415-024-7063-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]}},"alternative-id":["7063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41415-024-7063-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0610","1476-5373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0610","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics declaration"}}]}}