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The addition of tumour-treating fields (TTFields)\u2014an approach in which alternating electrical fields exert biophysical force on charged and polarisable molecules known as dipoles\u2014to standard therapy, has been shown to extend survival for patients with newly diagnosed GBM, recurrent GBM and mesothelioma, leading to the clinical approval of this approach by the FDA. TTFields represent a non-invasive anticancer modality consisting of low-intensity (1\u20133\u2009V\/cm), intermediate-frequency (100\u2013300\u2009kHz), alternating electric fields delivered via cutaneous transducer arrays configured to provide optimal tumour-site coverage. Although TTFields were initially demonstrated to inhibit cancer cell proliferation by interfering with mitotic apparatus, it is becoming increasingly clear that TTFields show a broad mechanism of action by disrupting a multitude of biological processes, including DNA repair, cell permeability and immunological responses, to elicit therapeutic effects. This review describes advances in our current understanding of the mechanisms by which TTFields mediate anticancer effects. Additionally, we summarise the landscape of TTFields clinical trials across various cancers and consider how emerging preclinical data might inform future clinical applications for TTFields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01136-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T21:02:43Z","timestamp":1604437363000},"page":"697-709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":291,"title":["Tumour treating fields therapy for glioblastoma: current advances and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9724-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ola","family":"Rominiyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelie","family":"Vanderlinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan Jane","family":"Clenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Bridgewater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9014-2728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahia","family":"Al-Tamimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7874-1891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spencer James","family":"Collis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1136_CR1","first-page":"7910754","volume":"2018","author":"A Philips","year":"2018","unstructured":"Philips, A., Henshaw, D. 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The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"O.R. and S.p.J.C. acknowledge funding support from the Royal College of Surgeons, Neurocare, Yorkshire\u2019s Brain Tumour Charity (formerly BTRS) and The Brain Tumour Charity. O.R., S.p.J.C. and C.B. acknowledge funding support from Sheffield Hospitals Charity. O.R., A.V., Y.A.T. and S.p.J.C. are supported by the NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre\/NIHR Sheffield Clinical Research Facility, and all the authors wish to acknowledge kind funding support to cover the costs of publication provided by the NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding information"}}]}}