{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:58:48Z","timestamp":1789660728379,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584921600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We tested the hypothesis that body mass index (BMI) aged 20 years modifies the association of adult weight gain and breast cancer risk.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We recruited women (aged 47\u201373 years) into the PROCAS (Predicting Risk Of Cancer At Screening; Manchester, UK: 2009\u20132013) Study. In 47,042 women, we determined BMI at baseline and (by recall) at age 20 years, and derived weight changes. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for new breast cancer using Cox models and explored relationships between BMI aged 20 years, subsequent weight changes and breast cancer risk.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>With median follow-up of 5.6 years, 1142 breast cancers (post-menopausal at entry: 829) occurred. Among post-menopausal women at entry, BMI aged 20 years was inversely associated [HR per SD: 0.87 (95% CI: 0.79\u20130.95)], while absolute weight gain was associated with breast cancer [HR per SD:1.23 (95% CI: 1.14\u20131.32)]. For post-menopausal women who had a recall BMI aged 20 years &lt;23.4\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (75th percentile), absolute weight gain was associated with breast cancer [HR per SD: 1.31 (95% CIs: 1.21\u20131.42)], but there were no associations for women with a recall BMI aged 20 years of &gt;23.4\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub> values &lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Adult weight gain increased post-menopausal breast cancer risk only among women who were &lt;23.4\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> aged 20 years.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0807-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T00:02:57Z","timestamp":1584921777000},"page":"1552-1561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Young adulthood body mass index, adult weight gain and breast cancer risk: the PROCAS Study (United Kingdom)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Renehan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5656-1486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Pegington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9761-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle N.","family":"Harvie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Sperrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Astley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam R.","family":"Brentnall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Cuzick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Gareth Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"807_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60269-X","volume":"371","author":"A Renehan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Renehan, A., Tyson, M., Egger, M., Heller, R. 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All participants consented to partake in the study. This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are stored in a secured research database and may be available upon presentation of formal approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"A.G.R. has received lecture honoraria from Merck Serona and Janssen-Cilag, and independent research funding and lecture honoraria from Novo Nordisk and Sanofi Pasteur MPS, unrelated to this study. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This paper presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research (grant reference number RP-PG-0707-10031). A.G.R., M.P., M.N.H. and D.G.E. are supported by the Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (IS-BRC-1215-20007).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding information"}}]}}