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Longitudinal reconstitution of CD4\u207a, CD8\u207a T cells and their subsets, CD3\u207aCD69\u207a, CD3\u207aHLA-DR\u207a T cells, NK cells and B cells was assessed from 1 to 12 months post-transplant. Cox regression and causal mediation analyses were performed to identify prognostic associations and mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Early and robust regulatory T cell (Treg) reconstitution significantly reduced transplant-related mortality (TRM) and improved overall survival. Na\u00efve CD8\u207a T cell recovery correlated with reduced TRM and relapse. Higher late CD3\u207aCD69\u207a T cells were linked to decreased relapse risk. Sustained B cell reconstitution reduced TRM and was associated with a lower incidence of moderate-to-severe chronic graft-versus-host disease. Early Treg reconstitution was associated with lower cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation. Mediation analysis revealed that Treg recovery reduced TRM partially through suppression of CMV reactivation (ACME\u2009=\u2009\u20130.22,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.032).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Distinct lymphocyte subset reconstitution profiles predict transplant outcomes in haplo-PBSCT. Early Treg recovery, partly by limiting CMV reactivation, may serve as a target for immune-guided intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-026-03345-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T21:44:03Z","timestamp":1772487843000},"page":"1289-1299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lymphocyte subset reconstitution and clinical outcomes following haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Peiyao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongmei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoxia","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiying","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahua","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0637-5324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianmin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6868-0258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3345_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Astigarraga CC, Mpms K, Iovino L, Milano F. 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