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While T cell dynamics in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been extensively studied, the role of B cells remains poorly characterized. Tumor-infiltrating B cells, particularly when organized into tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), have been associated with improved outcomes of patients with cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, high-dimensional flow cytometry (HDCyto) and high-plex imaging were applied to analyze fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) PM tumor samples, enabling a comprehensive immune profiling of the TME.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 15 distinct immune cell subsets and stratified tumors into three subgroups with significantly different survival outcomes. Longer survival correlated with increased T and B cell infiltration, with B cells and CD4+ T cells forming TLS in specific cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the heterogeneity of PM tumors and highlight the critical role of B cells and TLS in shaping anti-tumor immunity and influencing patient prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-026-03421-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T16:43:38Z","timestamp":1777308218000},"page":"214-222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multiplexed single-cell and spatial profiling reveal B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures as prognostic indicators in pleural mesothelioma"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Angelica","family":"Rigutto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s G.","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny C.","family":"Kienzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5900-9040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Opitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayura","family":"Meerang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5704-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Haberecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joao","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3867-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Gottardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Silina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burkhard","family":"Becher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5778-5270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Curioni-Fontecedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3421_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2023.03.013","volume":"18","author":"M Carbone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carbone M, Yang H, Pass HI, Taioli E. 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