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Among them, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are known to be activated by various environmental stresses including virus infections. Previously, activation of the JNK pathway has been detected in cells infected with several coronaviruses. However, detailed characterization of the pathway as well as its implication in host\u2013virus interactions has not been fully investigated. Here we report that the JNK pathway was activated in cells infected with the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Of the two known upstream MAPK kinases (MKK), MKK7, but not MKK4, was shown to be responsible for IBV-induced JNK activation. Moreover, knockdown and overexpression experiments demonstrated that JNK served as a pro-apoptotic protein during IBV infection. Interestingly, pro-apoptotic activity of JNK was not mediated via c-Jun, but involved modulation of the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2). Taken together, JNK constitutes an important aspect of coronavirus\u2013host interaction, along with other MAPKs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0053-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]],"date-time":"2017-12-13T17:18:14Z","timestamp":1513185494000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathway by coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus promotes apoptosis independently of c-Jun"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"To Sing","family":"Fung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding Xiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"53_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-795-2_1","volume":"661","author":"Y Keshet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Keshet, Y. & Seger, R. The MAP kinase signaling cascades: a system of hundreds of components regulates a diverse array of physiological functions. Methods Mol. Biol. \n                           661, 3\u201338 (2010).","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"53_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.2.807","volume":"81","author":"JM Kyriakis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kyriakis, J. M. & Avruch, J. Mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation. Physiol. Rev. \n                           81, 807\u2013869 (2001).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"53_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400755","volume":"7","author":"S Nishimoto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nishimoto, S. & Nishida, E. MAPK signalling: ERK5 versus ERK1\/2. 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