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The activated synovial macrophages have been demonstrated to play an important role in synovitis, but the mechanisms about macrophage activation are still not clear. In this study, we found that the exosome-like vesicles from osteoarthritic chondrocytes could be a new biological factor to stimulate inflammasome activation and increase mature IL-1\u03b2 production in macrophages. The degraded cartilage explants produced more exosome-like vesicles than the nondegraded ones, while the exosome-like vesicles from chondrocytes could enter into joint synovium tissue and macrophages. Moreover, the exosome-like vesicles from osteoarthritic chondrocytes enhanced the production of mature IL-1\u03b2 in macrophages. These vesicles could inhibit ATG4B expression via miR-449a-5p, leading to inhibition of autophagy in LPS-primed macrophages. The decreased autophagy promoted the production of mitoROS, which further enhanced the inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1\u03b2 processing. Ultimately, the increase of mature IL-1\u03b2 may aggravate synovial inflammation and promote the progression of OA disease. Our study provides a new perspective to understand the activation of synovial macrophages and synovitis in OA patients, which may be beneficial for therapeutic intervention in synovitis-related OA patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1739-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T08:03:24Z","timestamp":1562573004000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["The exosome-like vesicles from osteoarthritic chondrocyte enhanced mature IL-1\u03b2 production of macrophages and aggravated synovitis in osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangli","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siru","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"QiaoYan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangjun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1739_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1078\/0344-0338-5710261","volume":"198","author":"V Krenn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krenn, V. et al. 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