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Previous studies, though limited in patient numbers, have reported elevated iron levels in the aqueous humor, RPE, and Bruch\u2019s membrane of AMD patients. In this study, we aimed to confirm iron imbalance in a larger cohort of AMD patients and assess its correlation with disease stage. Elevated iron levels and a reduction in transferrin (TF) iron-binding capacity were observed in patients with early geographic atrophy (GA). RPE cells derived from human stem cells exhibited AMD-like features when exposed to iron overload or oxidized lipids. Treatment with TF appeared to restore aspects of iron homeostasis and reduce oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, complement activation, and ferroptosis in this model. These findings suggest that TF supplementation may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to help prevent or slow AMD progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07950-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T14:06:45Z","timestamp":1759759605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Transferrin is a drug candidate for the treatment of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jenny","family":"Youale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Bigot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thara","family":"Jaworski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Lebon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Fran\u00e7on","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley","family":"Delaunay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"B\u00e9nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00efs","family":"De Bastard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Daruich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na\u00ebl","family":"Kaddour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3648-2270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thierry","family":"Bordet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francine","family":"Behar-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2689-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Picard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"7950_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030705","volume":"9","author":"E Picard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Picard E, Daruich A, Youale J, Courtois Y, Behar-Cohen F. 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