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However, the mechanism and role of mtDNA-mediated inflammatory activation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) are not yet clear. This study demonstrates that the injection of mtDNA into the substantia nigra pars compacta induces PD pathology in mice, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and the activation of microglia. Transcriptomic profiling of magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS)-sorted cells reveals a pronounced upregulation of genes associated with the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in microglia following the mtDNA administration. Critically, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and rotenone induced in vivo and in vitro PD models show oxidized mtDNA (ox-mtDNA) release and microglial NLRP3-IL-1\u03b2 axis activation as evidenced by upregulation of NLRP3 and IL-1\u03b2, caspase-1 cleavage, and IL-1\u03b2 release. The role of mtDNA in activating the NLRP3-IL-1\u03b2 axis is further validated in BV2 cells through exogeneous mtDNA transfection, while the NLRP3-IL-1\u03b2 activation is negated in the LPS and rotenone induced model when mtDNA release is inhibited. Especially, oxidized mtDNA is superior to nonoxidized mtDNA in activating the NLRP3-IL-1\u03b2 axis. NLRP3 knockdown in BV2 cells abolishes the activation of NLRP3-IL-1\u03b2 axis induced by mtDNA or exposure of LPS and rotenone and mitigates the damage to SH-SY5Y cells in co-culture systems. Ox-mtDNA-mediated neuronal cell damage is initiated through binding to NLRP3, as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization in BV2 cells. Molecular docking prediction and analysis of intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of NLRP3 indicate that ox-mtDNA interacts with the positively charged IDR of NLRP3. This interaction is validated by electrophoretic mobility shift and in vitro PYD-caspase-1 cleavage assays, demonstrating the formation of the ox-mtDNA-NLRP3 complex and subsequent activation of NLRP3. This study describes a critical role of mtDNA in activating microglial NLRP3-IL-1\u03b2 axis, leading to neurodegeneration in PD pathology, which provides clear clues for developing anti-PD drugs targeting NLRP3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-026-08424-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T10:23:58Z","timestamp":1770719038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Mitochondrial DNA drives NLRP3-IL-1\u03b2 axis activation in microglia by binding to NLRP3, leading to neurodegeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease models"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qinglin","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naiyu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyi","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-7462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"8424_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","volume":"20","author":"E Tolosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tolosa E, Garrido A, Scholz SW, Poewe W. 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