{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:13:56Z","timestamp":1791263636772,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Death Discov."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is clinically characterized by motor dysfunction, and its pathology primarily involves the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Despite extensive research, the precise etiological mechanisms remain elusive. Recent findings have revealed a significant role of astrocytes in PD onset and progression. However, fully elucidating their function has been challenging because of the heterogeneity of cells and the complexity of the disease progression. Here, we successfully used single-nuclear RNA sequencing to characterize diverse genes expressed by astrocytes and analyzed changes in biological processes in a PD mouse model. Pseudotime analysis (Monocle2) indicated that as PD progressed the status of astrocytes transitioned from immune activation states to neurotoxic subtypes, which correlates with marked upregulation of inflammation-related genes, including Nlrp3 and IL-1\u03b2. Furthermore, CellChat analysis demonstrated that BMP signaling exhibited significant specificity in PD, with Bmp6 as the primary ligand and astrocytes as crucial mediators and responders. Thus, we demonstrated that BMP signaling activation in astrocytes exacerbates dopamine neuronal death. Rather, inhibiting BMP signaling in astrocytes significantly improved motor dysfunction and reduced the loss of dopamine neurons in a PD mouse model. Mechanistically, we found that activation of the BMP signaling pathway promoted the release of Nlrp3, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1, suggesting that increased neuroinflammation aggravated dopaminergic neuronal death. Together, these findings highlight the crucial role of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of PD and reveal a novel cellular mechanism that offers potential therapeutic targets for PD intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02812-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T15:18:55Z","timestamp":1762787935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Inhibition of astrocyte BMP signaling alleviates neuroinflammation in experimental models of Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2517-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yibo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaowen","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6585-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0512-1250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2672-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dandan","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1173-345X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2812_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","volume":"323","author":"MJ Armstrong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armstrong MJ, Okun MS. Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA. 2020;323:548\u201360.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2812_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00330-6","volume":"21","author":"D Weintraub","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weintraub D, Aarsland D, Chaudhuri KR, Dobkin RD, Leentjens AF, Rodriguez-Violante M, et al. The neuropsychiatry of Parkinson\u2019s disease: advances and challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:89\u2013102.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2812_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.03.057","volume":"226","author":"C Raza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raza C, Anjum R, Shakeel NUA. Parkinson\u2019s disease: mechanisms, translational models and management strategies. Life Sci. 2019;226:77\u201390.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2812_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776847","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.776847","volume":"9","author":"Z Ou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ou Z, Pan J, Tang S, Duan D, Yu D, Nong H, et al. Global trends in the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability of Parkinson\u2019s disease in 204 countries\/territories from 1990 to 2019. Front Public Health. 2021;9:776847.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2812_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00390-x","volume":"21","author":"HG Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee HG, Wheeler MA, Quintana FJ. Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in neurological diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2022;21:339\u201358.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2812_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2023.2285311","volume":"20","author":"R Afridi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Afridi R, Lee WH, Kim JH, Suk K. Utilizing databases for astrocyte secretome research. Expert Rev Proteom. 2023;20:371\u20139.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Proteom"},{"key":"2812_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00887-8","volume":"5","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Jia Z, Wu Q, Bai T, Wang B, Hu X, et al. Alleviating symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders by astrocyte-specific overexpression of TMEM164 in mice. Nat Metab. 2023;5:1787\u2013802.","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"2812_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73062","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73062","volume":"10","author":"A De Rus Jacquet","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Rus Jacquet A, Tancredi JL, Lemire AL, DeSantis MC, Li WP, O\u2019Shea EK. The LRRK2 G2019S mutation alters astrocyte-to-neuron communication via extracellular vesicles and induces neuron atrophy in a human iPSC-derived model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. eLife. 2021;10:73062.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2812_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5607\/en21007","volume":"30","author":"H An","year":"2021","unstructured":"An H, Heo JY, Lee CJ, Nam MH. The pathological role of astrocytic MAOB in Parkinsonism revealed by genetic ablation and over-expression of MAOB. Exp Neurobiol. 2021;30:113\u20139.","journal-title":"Exp Neurobiol"},{"key":"2812_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-023-00668-9","volume":"27","author":"J Pozojevic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pozojevic J, Spielmann M. Single-cell sequencing in neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Diagn Ther. 2023;27:553\u201361.","journal-title":"Mol Diagn Ther"},{"key":"2812_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0903-2","volume":"566","author":"S J\u00e4kel","year":"2019","unstructured":"J\u00e4kel S, Agirre E, Mendanha Falc\u00e3o A, van Bruggen D, Lee KW, Knuesel I, et al. Altered human oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis. Nature. 2019;566:543\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2812_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02926-5","volume":"9","author":"M Olah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olah M, Patrick E, Villani AC, Xu J, White CC, Ryan KJ, et al. A transcriptomic atlas of aged human microglia. Nat Commun. 2018;9:539.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2812_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0624-8","volume":"23","author":"N Habib","year":"2020","unstructured":"Habib N, McCabe C, Medina S, Varshavsky M, Kitsberg D, Dvir-Szternfeld R, et al. Disease-associated astrocytes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and aging. Nat Neurosci. 2020;23:701\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2812_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390310","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1390310","volume":"16","author":"Q Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Q, Liu Z, Xie W, Li Y, Wang H, Zhang S, et al. Single-cell sequencing of the substantia nigra reveals microglial activation in a model of MPTP. Front Aging Neurosci. 2024;16:1390310.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2812_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3681","volume":"20","author":"L Mayo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mayo L, Trauger SA, Blain M, Nadeau M, Patel B, Alvarez JI, et al. Regulation of astrocyte activation by glycolipids drives chronic CNS inflammation. Nat Med. 2014;20:1147\u201356.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2812_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.09.011","volume":"60","author":"TA Watkins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Watkins TA, Emery B, Mulinyawe S, Barres BA. Distinct stages of myelination regulated by gamma-secretase and astrocytes in a rapidly myelinating CNS coculture system. Neuron. 2008;60:555\u201369.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2812_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23965","volume":"69","author":"VYH Van Weperen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Weperen VYH, Littman RJ, Arneson DV, Contreras J, Yang X, Ajijola OA. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of satellite glial cells in stellate ganglia reveals developmental and functional axial dynamics. Glia. 2021;69:1281\u201391.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2812_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218497110","volume":"110","author":"F Bi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bi F, Huang C, Tong J, Qiu G, Huang B, Wu Q, et al. Reactive astrocytes secrete LCN2 to promote neuron death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:4069\u201374.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2812_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadl4694","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adl4694","volume":"10","author":"KY Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin KY, Gujar MR, Lin J, Ding WY, Huang J, Gao Y, et al. Astrocytes control quiescent NSC reactivation via GPCR signaling-mediated F-actin remodeling. Sci Adv. 2024;10:eadl4694.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2812_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.012","volume":"108","author":"M Linnerbauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Linnerbauer M, Wheeler MA, Quintana FJ. Astrocyte crosstalk in CNS inflammation. Neuron. 2020;108:608\u201322.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2812_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.03.007","volume":"44","author":"DM Bonifati","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonifati DM, Kishore U. Role of complement in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Mol Immunol. 2007;44:999\u20131010.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2812_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab446","volume":"145","author":"S Smaji\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smaji\u0107 S, Prada-Medina CA, Landoulsi Z, Ghelfi J, Delcambre S, Dietrich C, et al. Single-cell sequencing of human midbrain reveals glial activation and a Parkinson-specific neuronal state. Brain. 2022;145:964\u201378.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2812_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00028.2017","volume":"98","author":"JW Lowery","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lowery JW, Rosen V. The BMP pathway and its inhibitors in the skeleton. Physiol Rev. 2018;98:2431\u201352.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2812_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16009","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.9","volume":"4","author":"M Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu M, Chen G, Li YP. TGF-\u03b2 and BMP signaling in osteoblast, skeletal development, and bone formation, homeostasis and disease. Bone Res. 2016;4:16009.","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"2812_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.05.003","volume":"25","author":"LA Dyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dyer LA, Pi X, Patterson C. The role of BMPs in endothelial cell function and dysfunction. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2014;25:472\u201380.","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"2812_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021119-034500","volume":"82","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Que J. BMP signaling in development, stem cells, and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Annu Rev Physiol. 2020;82:251\u201373.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2812_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0143-y","volume":"20","author":"J Beumer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beumer J, Artegiani B, Post Y, Reimann F, Gribble F, Nguyen TN, et al. Enteroendocrine cells switch hormone expression along the crypt-to-villus BMP signalling gradient. Nat Cell Biol. 2018;20:909\u201316.","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"2812_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1021\/cb9002865","volume":"5","author":"J Hao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hao J, Ho JN, Lewis JA, Karim KA, Daniels RN, Gentry PR, et al. In vivo structure-activity relationship study of dorsomorphin analogues identifies selective VEGF and BMP inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol. 2010;5:245\u201353.","journal-title":"ACS Chem Biol"},{"key":"2812_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.06187.x","volume":"275","author":"S Saremba","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saremba S, Nickel J, Seher A, Kotzsch A, Sebald W, Mueller TD. Type I receptor binding of bone morphogenetic protein 6 is dependent on N-glycosylation of the ligand. FEBS J. 2008;275:172\u201383.","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2812_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28849","volume":"37","author":"C Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen C, Mossman E, Malko P, McDonald D, Blain AP, Bone L, et al. Astrocytic changes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation protein levels in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2022;37:302\u201314.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2812_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0051-5","volume":"24","author":"SP Yun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yun SP, Kam TI, Panicker N, Kim S, Oh Y, Park JS, et al. Block of A1 astrocyte conversion by microglia is neuroprotective in models of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat Med. 2018;24:931\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2812_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051158","volume":"10","author":"ACP Campos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Campos ACP, Berzu\u00edno MB, Barbosa GR, Freire H, Lopes PS, Assis DV, et al. Motor cortex stimulation reversed hypernociception, increased serotonin in raphe neurons, and caused inhibition of spinal astrocytes in a Parkinson\u2019s disease rat model. Cells. 2021;10:1158.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2812_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2574","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.454","volume":"8","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Y, He X, Meng X, Wu X, Tong H, Zhang X, et al. Regulation of glutamate transporter trafficking by Nedd4-2 in a Parkinson\u2019s disease model. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8:e2574.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2812_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120860","volume":"300","author":"LM Bartos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bartos LM, Kunte ST, Wagner S, Beumers P, Schaefer R, Zatcepin A, et al. Astroglial glucose uptake determines brain FDG-PET alterations and metabolic connectivity during healthy aging in mice. NeuroImage. 2024;300:120860.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2812_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102331","volume":"217","author":"JV Andersen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andersen JV, Schousboe A, Verkhratsky A. Astrocyte energy and neurotransmitter metabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: integration of the glutamate\/GABA-glutamine cycle. Prog Neurobiol. 2022;217:102331.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2812_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106663","volume":"201","author":"F D\u2019Egidio","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Egidio F, Castelli V, d\u2019Angelo M, Ammannito F, Quintiliani M, Cimini A. Brain incoming call from glia during neuroinflammation: Roles of extracellular vesicles. Neurobiol Dis. 2024;201:106663.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2812_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358719","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1358719","volume":"15","author":"Q Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan Q, Zhang C, Rao X, Wan W, Lin W, Huang S, et al. The interaction of lipocalin-2 and astrocytes in neuroinflammation: mechanisms and therapeutic application. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1358719.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2812_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.10.008","volume":"96","author":"MA Petersen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petersen MA, Ryu JK, Chang KJ, Etxeberria A, Bardehle S, Mendiola AS, et al. Fibrinogen activates BMP signaling in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and inhibits remyelination after vascular damage. Neuron. 2017;96:1003\u2013e7.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2812_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-021-03322-0","volume":"46","author":"E Varga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Varga E, Pap R, J\u00e1nosa G, Sipos K, Pandur E. IL-6 regulates hepcidin expression via the BMP\/SMAD pathway by altering BMP6, TMPRSS6 and TfR2 expressions at normal and inflammatory conditions in BV2 microglia. Neurochem Res. 2021;46:1224\u201338.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"2812_CR40","first-page":"2845","volume":"17","author":"Y Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng Y, Hu Y. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 serves a protective role in response to ischemic\u2011reperfusion in the brain by promoting ERK activation. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17:2845\u201352.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"2812_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878154","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.878154","volume":"16","author":"N Skauli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Skauli N, Savchenko E, Ottersen OP, Roybon L, Amiry-Moghaddam M. Canonical bone morphogenetic protein signaling regulates expression of aquaporin-4 and its anchoring complex in mouse astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci. 2022;16:878154.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2812_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89997-5","volume":"11","author":"K Morita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morita K, Matsumoto N, Saito K, Hamabe-Horiike T, Mizuguchi K, Shinmyo Y, et al. BMP signaling alters aquaporin-4 expression in the mouse cerebral cortex. Sci Rep. 2021;11:10540.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2812_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-012-9806-6","volume":"32","author":"JA Shin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shin JA, Kang JL, Lee KE, Park EM. Different temporal patterns in the expressions of bone morphogenetic proteins and noggin during astroglial scar formation after ischemic stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2012;32:587\u201397.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2812_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21179","volume":"62","author":"ML Fuller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fuller ML, DeChant AK, Rothstein B, Caprariello A, Wang R, Hall AK, et al. Bone morphogenetic proteins promote gliosis in demyelinating spinal cord lesions. Annals Neurol. 2007;62:288\u2013300.","journal-title":"Annals Neurol"},{"key":"2812_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370219828694","volume":"244","author":"DH Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu DH, Hatzopoulos AK. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in inflammation. Exp Biol Med. 2019;244:147\u201356.","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2812_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113980","volume":"43","author":"X Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou X, Zhu Y, Gao D, Li M, Lin L, Wang Z, et al. Matrilin-3 supports neuroprotection in ischemic stroke by suppressing astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation. Cell Rep. 2024;43:113980.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"}],"container-title":["Cell Death Discovery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41420-025-02812-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41420-025-02812-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41420-025-02812-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T18:16:41Z","timestamp":1762885001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41420-025-02812-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41420-025-02812-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2058-7716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2058-7716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The animal experiments were authorized by the Animal Ethics and Welfare Committee of Hebei Medical University (IACUC-Hebmu-P2023157). All procedures were carried out in compliance with local regulations and institutional guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}}],"article-number":"528"}}