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Emerging evidence suggests a profound bidirectional interplay between these processes, mediated by iron metabolism reprogramming, lipid signaling molecules, and complex molecular axes such as RAGE-STAT3. This review systematically summarizes the biological mechanisms of ferroptosis and macrophage polarization, delving into their interaction within the tumor microenvironment, inflammatory responses, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s). We highlight how M1 macrophages induce ferroptosis through pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, while M2 macrophages inhibit it by modulating iron homeostasis and antioxidant capacity. Finally, we discuss therapeutic strategies targeting the ferroptosis-macrophage polarization axis, providing a theoretical foundation and novel perspectives for developing precise medical interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-026-03147-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T13:05:04Z","timestamp":1779541504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ferroptosis and macrophage polarization: mechanisms, interplay, and implications for medical applications"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3663-3768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaopeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaorui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2739-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niannian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9757-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bao","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5779-9326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"3147_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.158","volume":"23","author":"Y Xie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xie Y, Hou W, Song X, Yu Y, Huang J, Sun X, et al. 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