{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:56:18Z","timestamp":1773388578598,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-00984-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T07:03:01Z","timestamp":1627023781000},"page":"1383-1388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The effect of high-dose parenteral vitamin D3 on COVID-19-related inhospital mortality in critical COVID-19 patients during intensive care unit admission: an observational cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0752-8815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"G\u00fcven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9394-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"G\u00fcltekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"984_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pekar J, Worobey M, Moshiri N, Scheffler K, Wertheim JO. Timing the SARS-CoV-2 index case in Hubei province. Science. 2021;eabf8003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abf8003.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf8003"},{"key":"984_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Director-General\u2019s remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020. http:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020. Accessed 12 Feb 2020."},{"key":"984_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00780-6","volume":"9","author":"PH Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang PH, Ding YB, Xu Z, Pu R, Li P, Yan J, et al. Increased circulating level of interleukin-6 and CD8+ T cell exhaustion are associated with progression of COVID-19. Infect Dis Poverty 2020;9:161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-020-00780-6.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"984_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30305-6","volume":"395","author":"A Zumla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zumla A, Hui DS, Azhar EI, Memish ZA, Maeurer M. Reducing mortality from 2019-nCoV: host-directed therapies should be an option. Lancet. 2020;395:e35\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30305-6.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"984_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R133","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0665","volume":"183","author":"JP Bilezikian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bilezikian JP, Bikle D, Hewison M, Castro ML, Formenti AM, Gupta A, et al. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: vitamin D and COVID-19. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183:R133\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-20-0665.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"984_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020740","volume":"18","author":"J Abraham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abraham J, Dowling K, Florentine S. Can optimum solar radiation exposure or supplemented vitamin D intake reduce the severity of COVID-19 symptoms? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18020740.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"984_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072097","volume":"12","author":"N Charoenngam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charoenngam N, Holick MF. Immunologic effects of vitamin D on human health and disease. Nutrients. 2020;12:2097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12072097.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"984_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040988","volume":"12","author":"WB Grant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12:988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12040988.","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"984_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5072502","volume":"5","author":"B Prietl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Prietl B, Treiber G, Pieber TR, Amrein K. Vitamin D and immune function. Nutrients. 2013;5:2502\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu5072502.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"984_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4274\/Tjem.1938","volume":"17","author":"G Tamer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tamer G, Mes\u00e7i B. Role of vitamin D in the immune system. Turkjem. 2013;17:5\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/Tjem.1938.","journal-title":"Turkjem"},{"key":"984_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.11.013","volume":"187","author":"CL Greiller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greiller CL, Suri R, Jolliffe DA, Kebadze T, Hirsman AG, Griffiths CJ, et al. Vitamin D attenuates rhinovirus-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) in respiratory epithelial cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;187:152\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.11.013.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"984_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86755","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086755","volume":"9","author":"RA Brockman-Schneider","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brockman-Schneider RA, Pickles RJ, Gern JE. Effects of vitamin D on airway epithelial cell morphology and rhinovirus replication. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e86755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0086755.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"984_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19450","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.467670","volume":"288","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zhang J, Ge X, Du J, Deb DK, Li YC. Vitamin D receptor inhibits nuclear factor \u03ba B activation by interacting with I\u03baB kinase \u03b2 protein. J Biol Chem. 2013;288:19450\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M113.467670.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"984_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i6583","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6583","volume":"356","author":"AR Martineau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ. 2017;356:i6583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i6583.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"984_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3284com","volume":"19","author":"AF Gombart","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Koeffler HP. Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. FASEB J. 2005;19:1067\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.04-3284com.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"984_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.04001.x","volume":"158","author":"DA Hughes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hughes DA, Norton R. Vitamin D and respiratory health. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009;158:20\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.04001.x.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"984_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0661-0","volume":"74","author":"M Ebadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ebadi M, Montano-Loza AJ. Perspective: improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020;74:856\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41430-020-0661-0.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"984_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Conti P, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Ross R, Frydas I, et al. Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): anti-inflammatory strategies. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020;34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23812\/CONTI-E.","DOI":"10.23812\/CONTI-E"},{"key":"984_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26360","volume":"93","author":"R Munshi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Munshi R, Hussein MH, Toraih EA, Elshazli RM, Jardak C, Sultana N, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency as a potential culprit in critical COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2021;93:733\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.26360.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"984_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15495","volume":"287","author":"E Merzon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merzon E, Tworowski D, Gorohovski A, Vinker S, Cohen AG, Green I, et al. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study. FEBS J. 2020;287:3693\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.15495.","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"984_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239799.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239799","volume":"15","author":"Z Maghbooli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maghbooli Z, Sahraian MA, Ebrahimi M, Pazoki M, Kafan S, Tabriz HM, et al. Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng\/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0239799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239799.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"984_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30183-2","volume":"8","author":"F Mitchell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mitchell F. Vitamin-D and COVID-19: do deficient risk a poorer outcome? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30183-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"984_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30268-0","volume":"8","author":"AR Martineau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martineau AR, Forouhi NG. Vitamin D for COVID-19: a case to answer? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:735\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30268-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"984_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243710","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243710","volume":"15","author":"RJ Thomson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomson RJ, Hunter J, Dutton J, Schneider J, Khosravi M, Casement A, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to an intensive care unit in London: a prospective observational cohort study. PloS ONE. 2020;15:e0243710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0243710.","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"984_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u00fcven M, G\u00fcltekin H. Could serum total cortisol level at admission predict mortality due to coronavirus disease 2019 in the intensive care unit? A prospective study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2021;S1516-31802021005016206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1516-3180.2020.0722.R1.2302021.","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2020.0722.R1.2302021"},{"key":"984_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Solmaz I, \u00d6z\u00e7aylak S, Alaku\u015f \u00d6F, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 J, Kal\u0131n BS, G\u00fcven M, et al. Risk factors affecting ICU admission in COVID-19 patients; Could air temperature be an effective factor? Int J Clin Pract. 2020;e13803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijcp.13803.","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13803"},{"key":"984_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asan A, \u00dcst\u00fcnda\u011f Y, Koca N, \u015eim\u015fek A, Sayan HE, Parildar H, et al. Do initial hematologic indices predict the severity of COVID-19 patients? Turk J Med Sci. 2020;10.3906\/sag-2007-97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3906\/sag-2007-97.","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2007-97"},{"key":"984_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000547.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00547-2020","volume":"55","author":"WJ Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan WJ, Liang WH, Zhao Y, Liang HR, Chen ZS, Li YM, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55:2000547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00547-2020.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"984_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa183","volume":"75","author":"JL Atkins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Atkins JL, Masoli JAH, Delgado J, Pilling LC, Kuo CL, Kuchel GA, et al. Preexisting comorbidities predicting COVID-19 and mortality in the UK Biobank Community Cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;75:2224\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glaa183.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"984_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.10.008","volume":"40","author":"TJM Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves TJM, Gon\u00e7alves SEAB, Guarnieri A, Risegato RC, Guimar\u00e3es MP, Freitas DCD, et al. Prevalence of obesity and hypovitaminosis D in elderly with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020;40:110\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.10.008.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"984_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2019722.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722","volume":"3","author":"DO Meltzer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meltzer DO, Best TJ, Zhang H, Vokes T, Arora V, Solway J. Association of vitamin D status and other clinical characteristics with COVID-19 test results. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2019722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"984_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239252.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239252","volume":"15","author":"HW Kaufman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaufman HW, Niles JK, Kroll MH, Bi C, Holick MF. SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0239252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239252.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"984_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26848","volume":"325","author":"IH Murai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murai IH, Fernandes AL, Sales LP, Pinto AJ, Goessler KF, Duran CSC, et al. Effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on hospital length of stay in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325:1053\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.26848.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"984_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcte.2016.04.004","volume":"4","author":"JE Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han JE, Jones JL, Tangpricha V, Brown MA, Brown LAS, Hao L, et al. High dose vitamin D administration in ventilated intensive care unit patients: a pilot double blind randomized controlled trial. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2016;4:59\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcte.2016.04.004.","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"key":"984_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.13204","volume":"312","author":"K Amrein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amrein K, Schnedl C, Holl A, Riedl R, Christopher KB, Pachler C, et al. Effect of high-dose vitamin D3 on hospital length of stay in critically ill patients with vitamin D deficiency: the VITdAL-ICU randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:1520\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2014.13204.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"984_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hastie CE, Pell JP, Sattar N. Vitamin D and COVID-19 infection and mortality in UK Biobank. Eur J Nutr. 2020;1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-020-02372-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02372-4"},{"key":"984_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2020-000085","volume":"3","author":"PC Calder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calder PC. Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2020;3:74\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjnph-2020-000085.","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr Prev Health"},{"key":"984_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105751.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105751","volume":"203","author":"M Entrenas Castillo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Entrenas Castillo M, Entrenas Costa LM, Vaquero Barrios JM, Alcal\u00e1 D\u00edaz JF, Miranda JL, Bouillon R, et al. \u201cEffect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a pilot randomized clinical study\u201d. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;203:105751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105751.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41430-021-00984-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41430-021-00984-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41430-021-00984-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T08:08:51Z","timestamp":1630656531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41430-021-00984-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41430-021-00984-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-3007","1476-5640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-3007","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"COMPETING INTERESTS"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}