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It is unclear how exercise alters postprandial satiety after a PKU-like meal. The objective was to examine changes in postprandial satiety, satiety hormone concentrations, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in response to acute treadmill exercise following a PKU-like meal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects\/Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixteen males (mean age [\u00b1SD]: 26.5\u2009\u00b1\u20094.8 years; BMI: 23.7\u2009\u00b1\u20093.2\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) participated in a randomized cross-over trial with two conditions: exercise and control. Both trials involved consuming a PKU-like meal comprising naturally low-protein foods, a special low-protein food and a protein substitute. In the exercise trial, participants exercised at 60% of maximal oxygen uptake for 1\u2009h before the meal; in the control trial, they rested. Satiety agents (peptide YY [PYY], glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] and growth differentiation factor-15 [GDF-15]), appetite, energy expenditure, fat oxidation and carbohydrate oxidation were measured.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean (\u00b1SE) appetite and postprandial PYY and GLP-1 concentrations were unaffected by exercise (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.279). However, GDF-15 was higher in the exercise trial (control: 288\u2009\u00b1\u200925\u2009pg\/mL vs. exercise: 322\u2009\u00b1\u200924\u2009pg\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). Exercise increased fat oxidation (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013) and decreased carbohydrate oxidation post-meal (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.022), with concomitantly lower RER (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005). Energy expenditure rose during exercise (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but no difference occurred postprandially (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.543).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute exercise prior to a PKU-like meal does not affect postprandial GLP-1 and PYY concentrations compared to control but GDF-15 was increased and RER was reduced, potentially improving appetite regulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-025-01629-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:07:00Z","timestamp":1747958820000},"page":"1197-1203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of exercise conducted prior to phenylketonuria-type meal on appetite, satiety hormones and energy expenditure: a randomised cross-over trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Nouf A.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1917-2828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James L.","family":"Dorling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alreshidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Gerasimidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8085-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia","family":"Malkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1629_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60961-0","volume":"376","author":"N Blau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blau N, van Spronsen FJ, Levy HL. 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