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Participants completed personalized morning and evening questionnaires and took their own blood pressure daily. During the intervention period, participants received 3\u20134 portions of whole-grains and a portion of nuts daily. Fasted blood samples were collected every 4 weeks for analysis of lipids and plasma alkylresorcinol concentrations. Dynamic regression modeling was used to determine factors associated with changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and compliance with the intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      12 participants completed their study, with 11 collecting enough data to permit analysis. Dynamic regression modeling identified variables significantly affecting individual blood pressure, heart rate, and consumption of whole-grains and nuts, including sleep quality, weekday, motivation to eat well, alcohol consumption, day of menstrual cycle, outside temperature, and physical activity. Consumption of whole-grains and nuts was associated with a significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) decrease in SBP for one participant, a significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) decrease in DBP for two participants, and a significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) lowering in heart rate for five participants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The N-of-1 studies uniquely identified individual-level factors that were associated with changes in blood pressure and heart rate, and with compliance to consumption of whole-grains and nuts. N-of-1 studies are imperative to better understand heterogeneity of response and to develop more targeted, personalized and acceptable dietary advice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04326686\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04326686<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      . First registered 20 March 2020.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-026-01740-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:45:44Z","timestamp":1777398344000},"page":"799-813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A series of N-of-1 dietary intervention studies with whole-grain foods and nuts reveals individual predictors of blood pressure and heart rate"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Tilly I. 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