{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:14:54Z","timestamp":1783052094674,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]],"date-time":"2018-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0239-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]],"date-time":"2018-10-29T06:55:15Z","timestamp":1540796115000},"page":"486-491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Incidence of submacular haemorrhage (SMH) in Scotland: a Scottish Ophthalmic Surveillance Unit (SOSU) study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8880-6890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aws","family":"Al-Hity","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Yorston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gilmour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachariah","family":"Koshy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jost","family":"Hillenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"McGowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"239_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000027400","volume":"213","author":"A Scupola","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scupola A, Coscas G, Soubrane G, Balestrazzi E. Natural history of macular subretinal hemorrhage in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica. 1999;213:97\u2013102.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"239_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.07.034","volume":"144","author":"E Stifter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stifter E, Michels S, Prager F, Georgopoulos M, Polak K, Hirn C, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration with large submacular hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144:886\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"239_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.07.023","volume":"111","author":"NM Bressler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Childs AL, Haller JA, Hawkins BS, Lewis H, et al. Surgery for hemorrhagic choroidal neovascular lesions of age-related macular degeneration: ophthalmic findings: SST report no. 13. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:1993\u20132006.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"239_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181dd6d8a","volume":"30","author":"MA Chang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chang MA, Do DV, Bressler SB, Cassard SD, Gower EW, Bressler NM. Prospective one-year study of ranibizumab for predominantly hemorrhagic choroidal neovascular lesions in age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2010;30:1171\u20136.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"239_CR5","first-page":"637","volume":"4","author":"SS Sandhu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sandhu SS, Manvikar S, Steel DHW. Displacement of submacular hemorrhage associated with age-related macular degeneration using vitrectomy and submacular tPA injection followed by intravitreal ranibizumab. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:637\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"239_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300655","volume":"96","author":"F Treumer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Treumer F, Roider J, Hillenkamp J. Long-term outcome of subretinal coapplication of rtPA and bevacizumab followed by repeated intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for neovascular AMD with submacular haemorrhage. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:708\u201313.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"239_CR7","first-page":"929","volume":"30","author":"JJ Gonzalez-Lopez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Lopez JJ. Vitrectomy with subretinal tissue plasminogen activator and ranibizumab for submacular haemorrhages secondary to age-related macular degeneration: retrospective case series of 45 consecutive cases. Eye (R Coll Ophthalmol). 2016;30:929\u201335.","journal-title":"Eye (R Coll Ophthalmol)"},{"key":"239_CR8","first-page":"662","volume":"55","author":"G McGowan","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGowan G, Steel DHW, Yorston D. AMD with submacular hemorrhage: new insights from a population-based study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:662.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"239_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.117408","volume":"91","author":"A Agrawal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Agrawal A, McKibbin M. Purtscher\u2019s retinopathy: epidemiology, clinical features and outcome. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:1456\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"239_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700645","volume":"18","author":"S Kamalarajah","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kamalarajah S, Silvestri G, Sharma N, Khan A, Foot B, Ling R, et al. Surveillance of endophthalmitis following cataract surgery in the UK. Eye. 2004;18:580\u20137.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"239_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.7.592","volume":"80","author":"P Desai","year":"1996","unstructured":"Desai P, MacEwen CJ, Baines P, Minassian DC. Incidence of cases of ocular trauma admitted to hospital and incidence of blinding outcome. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:592\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"239_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305222","volume":"98","author":"C Murphy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murphy C, Livingstone I, Foot B, Murgatroyd H, MacEwen CJ. Orbital cellulitis in Scotland: current incidence, aetiology, management and outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:1575\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"239_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.199","volume":"26","author":"DAM Lyall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lyall DAM, Tey A, Foot B, Roxburgh STD, Virdi M, Robertson C, et al. Post-intravitreal anti-VEGF endophthalmitis in the United Kingdom: incidence, features, risk factors, and outcomes. Eye. 2012;26:1517\u201326.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"239_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700233","volume":"17","author":"B Foot","year":"2003","unstructured":"Foot B, Stanford M, Rahi J, Thompson J, British Ophthalmological Surveillance Unit Steering Committee. The British Ophthalmological Surveillance Unit: an evaluation of the first 3 years. Eye. 2003;17:9\u201315.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"239_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0981","volume":"47","author":"K Schulze-Bonsel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schulze-Bonsel K, Feltgen N, Burau H, Hansen L, Bach M. Visual acuities \u201chand motion\u201d and \u201ccounting fingers\u201d can be quantified with the freiburg visual acuity test. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:1236\u201340.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"239_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4963","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5400","volume":"51","author":"D Mitry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mitry D, Charteris DG, Yorston D, Siddiqui MAR, Campbell H, Murphy A, et al. The epidemiology and socioeconomic associations of retinal detachment in Scotland: a two-year prospective population-based study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:4963\u20138.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"239_CR17","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics. Key population and vital statistics. 2014; Available at: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/populationandmigration\/populationestimates\/bulletins\/annualmidyearpopulationestimates\/2015-06-25. Accessed September 2014."},{"key":"239_CR18","unstructured":"Scotland\u2019s Health on the Web. Scotland\u2019s Health on the Web. 2017; Available at: http:\/\/www.scot.nhs.uk\/organisations\/. Accessed 03 February 2017."},{"key":"239_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.04.004","volume":"61","author":"D Stanescu-Segall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stanescu-Segall D, Balta F, Jackson TL. Submacular hemorrhage in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a synthesis of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. 2016;61:18\u201332.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"239_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.271","volume":"24","author":"M McKibbin","year":"2010","unstructured":"McKibbin M, Papastefanou V, Matthews B, Cook H, Downey L. Ranibizumab monotherapy for sub-foveal haemorrhage secondary to choroidal neovascularisation in age-related macular degeneration. Eye. 2010;24:994\u20138.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"239_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.01.012","volume":"155","author":"G Shienbaum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shienbaum G, Garcia Filho CAA, Flynn HWJ, Nunes RP, Smiddy WE, Rosenfeld PJ. Management of submacular hemorrhage secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monotherapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;155:1009\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"239_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182979e33","volume":"34","author":"P Iacono","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iacono P, Parodi MB, Introini U, La Spina C, Varano M, Bandello F. Intravitreal ranibizumab for choroidal neovascularization with large submacular hemorrhage in age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2014;34:281\u20137.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"239_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.11.004","volume":"121","author":"JH Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim JH, Chang YS, Kim JW, Kim CG, Yoo SJ, Cho HJ. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for submacular hemorrhage from choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:926\u201335.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"239_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318271f278","volume":"33","author":"E Papavasileiou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Papavasileiou E, Steel DHW, Liazos E, McHugh D, Jackson TL. Intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator, perfluoropropane (C3F8), and ranibizumab or photodynamic therapy for submacular hemorrhage secondary to wet age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2013;33:846\u201353.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"239_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.182253","volume":"95","author":"DHW Steel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steel DHW, Sandhu SS. Submacular haemorrhages associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95:1051\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"239_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000954","volume":"36","author":"JH Jong de","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Jong JH, van Zeeburg EJT, Cereda MG, van Velthoven MEJ, Faridpooya K, Vermeer KA, et al. Intravitreal versus subretinal administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator combined with gas for acute submacular hemorrhages due to age-related macular degeneration: an Exploratory Prospective Study. Retina. 2016;36:914\u201325.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"239_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-009-1158-7","volume":"248","author":"J Hillenkamp","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hillenkamp J, Surguch V, Framme C, Gabel V, Sachs HG. Management of submacular hemorrhage with intravitreal versus subretinal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248:5\u201311.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"239_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-012-2563-6","volume":"109","author":"S Bopp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bopp S. [Subretinal hemorrhage. Natural course and staging]. Ophthalmologe. 2012;109:635\u201343.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-018-0239-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-018-0239-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-018-0239-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T21:05:31Z","timestamp":1684616731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-018-0239-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-018-0239-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}